[...]='strcls'>*the ="trms"nttrm="failure,blur,plur,lurk,tallur,slur">lure utilized to mask the expectations='strcls'>* (in psychology, far from resolving the problem)

organization of the research ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">scientist distributes expertise in a very a="trms">symmetrical manner


="large lg2" stl="font-size:112%"> what a maze can mean='qstn'>? ='lgc'>--="ppl">="ppl">Despret='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='strcls'>**="trms">translating what happens to rats in terms of meaning='strcls'>**
(drawing on Uexküll's theory of Umwelt) ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> open up for the ='trgt hghlght 1'href='?q=animal'>animal the ="trms">question of point of view

a concrete or lived Umwelt ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> the ='trgt hghlght 1'href='?q=animal'>animal endowed with sensory organs ="trms">different from our own, cannot perceive the same ="trms">world as we do

='lgc'>{='strcls'>**perception='lgc'>: an act of creation ='lgc'>=/= a form of reception='strcls'>**='lgc'>}='lgc'>='lgc'>--> the ='trgt hghlght 1'href='?q=animal'>animal ='strcls'>**fills its environment with perceptual objects='strcls'>**, it constructs its environment by ='strcls'>*peopling='strcls'>* it with perceptual objects (='lgc'>=/= perceive passively)
='strcls'>*the activity of perception='lgc'> = an activity that confers meaning='strcls'>*='lgc'> = only that which has meaning is perceived, only that which can be perceived (='lgc'>~= is important of the organism) is ='strcls'>*="trms">accorded a meaning='strcls'>* (='lgc'>~= ="trms">accordance)
="lsts lst1">•butterfly lives in a ="trms">world of luminous intensities and of odors
="lsts lst1">•tick lives in a ="trms">world of butyric acid released by the sebaceous follicles of mammals
="lsts lst1">•spider lives in a ="trms">world of...
="lsts lst1">•rat lives in a ="trms">world of...
="lsts lst1">•

for a spider='qstn'>?
for a rat='qstn'>?
time, space, place, path, way, house, odor, enemy,,, ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> each event (in the perceived ="trms">world) “signified” which is not perceived except in that it signifies ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> ='strcls'>***='trgt hghlght 1'href='?q=animal'>animal='lgc'> = subject='lgc'> = a “lender” of meaning='strcls'>***

='lgc'>[='strcls'>*='lgc'>]subject='lgc'>: that which ="trms">accords meaning

the object is constituted in action (the ='trgt hghlght 1'href='?q=animal'>animal never enters into a ="trms">relation with an object as such) ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> meaning does not emerge from the object='lgc'> = objects are not alone in having meaning ="trms">accorded to them

Umwelt='lgc'>: an environment of ="trms">relations

no ='trgt hghlght 1'href='?q=animal'>animal can be neutral of another (in the environment) ='lgc'><='lgc'>--if='lgc'>-- it can be seen to be ="trms">accorded a meaning

='strcls'>***strange ="trms"nttrm="failure,blur,plur,lurk,tallur,slur">lures ='lgc'>==make=possible='lgc'>='lgc'>==> types of research='strcls'>***

="nms">Cinderella to the mice ='lgc'>: al="trms"nttrm="failure,blur,plur,lurk,tallur,slur">luring producer of ="trms">sociality (="trms"nttrm="failure,blur,plur,lurk,tallur,slur">lure='lgc'>: enticement for meaning) ='lgc'><='lgc'>== ='strcls'>*="trms"nttrm="failure,blur,plur,lurk,tallur,slur">lures are frequently required in order to convey the meanings of an ='trgt hghlght 1'href='?q=animal'>animal='strcls'>*

a human can take on the meaning of ='strcls'>*="trms">socius='strcls'>* (comrade, friend, ally)
a human can learn what a ="trms">socius means in the like of a jackdaw (to be taken for a ="trms">material ="trms">socius)
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ‘as="trms">sociating with'='lgc'> = carry out various activities together

you want to be taken by somebody from another ="trms">species for a ="trms">material ="trms">socius (that is also why people have pets) ='lgc'>=/= pray


meanings are not fixed once and for all, flowing from elementary needs of the organism='lgc'>: meanings are flexible, can apply to other beings, extend to unforseen ="trms">situations, change, and even invent and create new ="trms">relational uses (='lgc'><='lgc'>-- this is what i experience in ="trms">translational working with meanings in ="trms">farsi ="trms">literate in my ="trms">lectures)


(="nms">Cinderella asking) when observing rats, what can produce the activity of ="trms">translating their behaviors in terms of meanings='qstn'>?


one confuses the term “examine” with that of “neutralize” ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> (Watson, ="trms">scientist) removed the rat's eyes, olfactory bulb, and whikers, which are essential to the sense of touch in rats, before throwing it into the exploration of the maze...
='lgc'>--="ppl">="ppl">Despret='lgc'>='lgc'>--> if the ="trms">world had probably lost all meaning for this de-sensed rat, the rat itself had lost all meaning for its experimenter (if it ever had one for him)
="prgrph">-this is the goal of the procedure='lgc'>: search out the lowest common denominator, the left-over, the automation, the behavior that from one ="trms">species to another will render all organisms commensurable تناسب پذير ='lgc'>[='lgc'><='lgc'>-- no!!!!='lgc'>]

the tacit ='thdf'>assumption that an ='trgt hghlght 1'href='?q=animal'>animal could ever enter into a ="trms">relationship with an object is false ='lgc'><='lgc'>--Uexküll='lgc'>-- (to have in mind) to study the most ="trms">different kinds of ='trgt hghlght 1'href='?q=animal'>animals in their ="trms">relations to a maze


her attic, ="nms">Cinderella in the universe of meanings

an ="trms">epistemological problem ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> it is not straightforward to enter into the subjective universe of an ='trgt hghlght 1'href='?q=animal'>animal in ="trms">interrogating it through an experimental dis="trms">positive thought up by a human

='lgc'>[dis="trms">positif='lgc'>: referring to machines and devices. as philosophical concept that has been drawn upon by ="ppl">Deleuze, ="ppl">="ppl">Foucault, ="ppl">Althusser, ="ppl">Agamben, and many others, has been rendered as “="trms">apparatus”, ="trms">social ="trms">apparatus='lgc'>]

maze ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> what this particular experimental dis="trms">positive can mean for a rat='qstn'>? how can this ='strcls'>*="trms">traversing='strcls'>* come to be, from the point of view of the rat (Uexküll calls “familiar path”)='qstn'>? how rats in pretending to ="trms">respond to the ="trms">questions of the behaviorists ="trms">respond in fact to another ="trms">question='qstn'>?
="prgrph">-behaviorist's ="trms">question='lgc'>: what is the abstract ="trms">relation of a being, whatever it may be (that which the behaviorists call an organism) to a ="trms">natural object='qstn'>?

why do rats always touch the walls as they go along them='qstn'>? ='lgc'>--="nms">Cinderella='lgc'>='lgc'>-->
="lsts lst1">•they are haptophiles, they like to touch
="lsts lst1">•they inscribe the course of their route in their bodies in the form of lines, curves, and turns, or even roughness, textures, sensations of cold or humidity
="lsts lst1">•letting itself be marked by the space
='lgc'>--="ppl">="ppl">Despret='lgc'>='lgc'>--> what do we know about what the body of a rat can sense='qstn'>?

='strcls'>***(from) the why of caused ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> entering into the regime of meanings='strcls'>***

the rat does not ="trms">respond to the ="trms">question of learning, he ="trms">responds to the ="trms">question of ='strcls'>*an architecture that constitute the ="trms">world for him='strcls'>*

(how='qstn'>?) the “='trgt hghlght 1'href='?q=animal'>animal's own ="trms">world” can (with difficulty) in="trms"nttrm="cluster,club">clude the human observer as an observer

...the maze can ="trms">authorize neither the ="trms">question of the “familiar path” nor that of the meaning of the wall


artifactual='lgc'>: the ="trms">situation where the being who is ="trms">interrogated ="trms">responds to a ="trms">different ="trms">question than the one the ="trms">scientist poses to her

hypothesis of the existence of an artifact ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> the possibility of taking into account the fact that the ='trgt hghlght 1'href='?q=animal'>animal would have a point of view on the ="trms">situation


(to take ="trms">measure of) what one's ="trms">anxiety prompts (in the course of research)='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•expanding the ="trms">imagination
="lsts lst1">•paralyzing the ="trms">imagination ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> injection of more control


="trms">sciences that mobilize the beings that ="trms">respond to it

each experiment indicates not only the manner in which the ='trgt hghlght 1'href='?q=animal'>animals generally experience the procedures ='lgc'>--but='lgc'>='lgc'>--> the way in which each of the ='trgt hghlght 1'href='?q=animal'>animals lives them as a function of the perception that it has of them, as a function of what it expects

="large lg3" stl="font-size:111%"> (="ppl">="ppl">Despret affirming that) there is no ='strcls'>*artifact='strcls'>* unless there is ='strcls'>*="trms">generalization='strcls'>*

='strcls'>*the time of the experimental dis="trms">positive='strcls'>* is not the same since it is set within a provisional and short time (five days if testing, cor="trms">responding to the work week) while ='strcls'>*the time of the farm='strcls'>* is a time of accumulated ="trms">memories and experience
="prgrph">-the ="trms">memory of the food eaten before
='at'>#="nms">Cinderella

it expects something else ='lgc'><='lgc'>== what one gives it is not the sole cause involved


="large lg4" stl="font-size:110%"> ='trgt hghlght 1'href='?q=animal'>animals certainly ="trms">respond to a ="trms">question, but it is not the one we pose to them
='strcls'>*the rese="trms"nttrm="search">archers compartmentalize the research; the ='trgt hghlght 1'href='?q=animal'>animals to not stop prompting them to decompartmentalize it='strcls'>* ='heart'>♥

(always) the artifact ='lgc'>--constitutes='lgc'>='lgc'>--> the object of critique


='trgt hghlght 1'href='?q=animal'>animals do not judge an ='strcls'>*abstract ="trms">situation='strcls'>*, but a ="trms">situation offered to them ='strcls'>*as it is offered='strcls'>* to them

(="nms">Cinderella's) reciprocal habituation ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='trgt hghlght 1'href='?q=animal'>animal itself actively takes the ="trms">questions and the ="trms">presence of the rese="trms"nttrm="search">archer into consideration
to negate the condition of research ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> exchange judgment and opinions (='lgc'>+ ="trms">mutually ="trms">affect one another)

="large lg5" stl="font-size:158%"> why is ‘="trms">interest’ a bad motive, in this frame='qstn'>?
="prgrph">-because the ='trgt hghlght 1'href='?q=animal'>animal must be ="trms">interested in other things besides the human being, it must continue to live its life as a goat or a sheep ='lgc'>--='not'>✕='lgc'>='lgc'>--> “the good ='trgt hghlght 1'href='?q=animal'>animal='lgc'>: the ='trgt hghlght 1'href='?q=animal'>animal ="trms">responds to her observer”


="display:block;white-space:nowrap;margin-bottom:-1em;overflow:hidden;">...................................

="ppl">Singh ='lgc'>+ Dave ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ordinary ="trms">affects of killing (='trgt hghlght 1'href='?q=animal'>animal) ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">anthropology of ethics ='lgc'>=/= ="ppl">Agamben's killablity (linked with sovereignty)='lgc'>: ="trms">routinized emotionally in="trms">different production of bare life (capacity to decide which bodies can be killed, without the killing counting either as homicide or as a sacrifice)

normative moral claims

(Laidlaw, ="ppl">="ppl">Foucault) ethical life='lgc'>: reflexive practice of freedom ='lgc'>--humanistic='lgc'>='lgc'>-->
="lsts lst1">•traditions of virtuous conduct
="lsts lst1">•changing practices of self-="trms">fashioning
="lsts lst1">•="trms">affective dis="trms">positions='lgc'>: compassion, devotion
="lsts lst1">•(altruistic ="trms">question of) how ought to one live='qstn'>?
='lgc'>=/=
what is the mode of a killing='qstn'>?
w[...]