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feature of Renaissance thought ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='thdf'>the idea of ='strcls'>*a middle instance (neither fully corporal nor fully incorporeal) ="trms">intervening between ="trms">matter and soul='strcls'>* ='lgc'>[='lgc'>+ fire as ="trms">intermediator='lgc'>] ='lgc'>~ spiritus, pneum, quintessence ='lgc'>~ fire or air
...in schematic abstract structure of body-spirit-soul, spirit is somewhere in between
spirit='lgc'>: air-like substance
air='lgc'>: preferred vehicle of spirit (conveyed the breath if life ='lgc'>+ ='strcls'>*used by demonic spirits as a means to produce ="trms">material effects='strcls'>*)
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='strcls'>*spirit='lgc'>: celestial o="trms"nttrm="righ,rigo,riga,rigi,trig,rign">rigin to the “innate heat” (calidum innatum) of living creatures
effects of solar heat on air ='lgc'>: act of vitalization
pneuma of the stoics ='lgc'>+ astral body of Neoplatonic philosophy ='lgc'>+ medical spirits of Galenic medicine ='lgc'>}='lgc'>='lgc'>==>
="lsts lst1">•Renaissance
="lsts lst1">•(christian notion of) Holy Ghost
="lsts lst1">•='thdf'>the idea of close connection between wind and divine power (in Bible)
(in alchemical view) spirits were somehow connected ti air ='lgc'><='lgc'>== quintessences were often separated from raw substances in the form of vapours
="nms">="nms">ajayebnameh ='lgc'>='lgc'>~= ="trms">natural magic
='strcls'>*kinds of ="trms">natural motions='strcls'>*
="lstsrd">1. avoidance of avacum='lgc'>: from the form of a portion of air, when it does not want to be either expanded further or separated (from other ="trms">matter). ="trms">horror vacui ='lgc'>--kinetic='lgc'>='lgc'>--> motion was regarded as due to a property of a ="trms">specific part of the machine
="lstsrd">2. resistance to ="trms">excessive compression='lgc'>: the form of basic ="trms">matter should not become less that what is ="trms"nttrm="righ,rigo,riga,rigi,trig,rign">right for it
="lstsrd">3. the tendency of heavy things to descend and of light things to rise
air='lgc'> = vital spirit that joins things together, resounding spirit if the ="trms">world ="trms">instrument
Paraceksian theory of aerial niter
(an active principle) aerial version of earthly gunpowder - ="trms">responsible for life, combustion, thunder, lightning, (some) illnesses
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> connecting the activity of air ='lgc'>+ life ='lgc'>+ weather ="trms">phenomena
wind='lgc'>: (='strcls'>***in its irreducible qualitative variety='strcls'>***) expression of cosmic spirit ='lgc'>+ محرک باعث a motive force to be accurately estimated
منجنیق ='lgc'>='lgc'>~= ="trms">geometry هندسه ='strcls'>*pneumatic engineering='strcls'>* ='lgc'>: distinction between moving and moved components ='lgc'>==evoke='lgc'>='lgc'>==> motive forces
elaborated pneumatic machines
mechanical clocks
tension of strings
='strcls'>*wind ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> celestial influences='strcls'>*
(Cardano regarded) expansion and contraction of air as ="trms">symmetrical ="trms">phenomena, both consisting a source of motive forces
="prgrph">-in the universe the element air had the function of receiving and conveying fiery celestial influences on earth providing health and wellbeing fir living creatures
Telesion (1509-1588)
soul and spirit identified with each other as a very subtle ="trms">material substance ="trms">pervading all bodies and making them capable of sensing and reacting to rach other with pleasure or pain
='strcls'>*(man’s) immortal soul did not play any role in determining ="trms">natural ="trms">phenomena='strcls'>*
innate heat of living bodies
wind='lgc'>: humid vapours flowing through the air
thinness of wind vapours
16th century
expiration and inspiration of the lungs
Holy Spirit is expressed in the ="trms">nature of winds
="trms">interest in wind and weather was kindled by reports reaching Europe from the East and West Indies about hitherto unknown meteorological ="trms">phenomena عجایب
orderly ma="trms">jesty of God ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> encyclopedism about the universe ='lgc'>+ an analogue of a ="trms">memory ="trms">system
Jean Bodin
firm believer in and opponent of demonic magic
theater of the whole ="trms">nature universe ="trms">naturae theatrum
reason of wind (ratio ventorum)='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•sun
="lsts lst1">•impulse (impulsus) of the angels or demons
sphere of sacrobosco
De sphaera mundi
(On the Sphere of the ="trms">World, pre-Copernican astronomy)
...our sublunar ="trms">world
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gunpowder theory of thunder ⛈
compact earthly ="trms">matter from underground whose expansion with expansion so fast that it moves large masses of air, like “salniter in fire or gunpowder which has caught fire”
visualization
making air visible
inverted glass experiment
linking thermal expansion ='and'>& contraction of pure air to wind formation (Cardano)
(under the influence of) celestial fire ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> air (could become alive and active) acquiring motive force
on the transmutations of air
(typical of 16th century) steering the ="trms">religious significance of the study of ="trms">nature
spirit='lgc'>: a cosmic subtle substance, both recipient ='lgc'>+ vehicle of celestial influences ='lgc'>==allow='lgc'>='lgc'>==> elements to transmute into each other (='lgc'>+ meteorological ="trms">phenomena)
(Drebbel’s favourite cosmic spirit='lgc'>:) fire='lgc'> = clearest of all elements ad top of the hierarchical order of elements (fire, air, water, earth), clarifying the other elements ='lgc'>[such as Siavash='lgc'>]
(for Della Porta='lgc'>:) meteorological ="trms">phenomena='lgc'> = transmutations of the air (in ="trms">literal sense)
air becoming thinner or ="trms">thicker ='lgc'>==rise='lgc'>='lgc'>==> winds, thunder, clouds, rain, snow, linking heaven ='lgc'>+ earth ='lgc'>+ bringing life to all animated creatures
(Della Porta conceived of) wind in vita="trms"nttrm="listen,alist,ilist,llist,olist,ylist,ulist">listic terms
...winds rising up from the mouth of the retort (boiling water)
how heat endowed air with motive force
(Drebbel ="trms">presenting to the public) perpetuum mobile ='lgc'>: expansion and contraction of air (which he claimed) de="trms">monstrated the force behind all movement and life
weatherglass (='lgc'>+ aeolipila) ='lgc'>--de="trms">monstrated='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='strcls'>****highly nontrivial ="trms">natural ="trms">phenomena='strcls'>**** (transformation of energy from heat into mechanical motion)
(="nms">ajayeb’s) theory about the o="trms"nttrm="righ,rigo,riga,rigi,trig,rign">rigins of the wind
Galileo ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> earth's rotation ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> (='lgc'><='lgc'>--evidence='lgc'>--) wind
Bacon ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> exhalations together with air ='lgc'>[rarefaction and expansion of air / exhalation drawn up by sun='lgc'>] ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> wind
Fludd (meteorological cosmica) ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> wind='lgc'>: principal meteorological ="trms">phenomenon (princeps meteororum) and closest to God
“wind is an aerial spirit, of middle consistence, inspired or animated by the breath of Iehova, which he extracts from his treasure-case ="trms">according to his will, to effect either a punishment or a bene="trms">diction”
="lsts lst1">•angels='lgc'>: efficient cause of winds (in borg macro- and micro="trms">cosmos)
="lsts lst1">•(changes in the air ='lgc'>--cor="trms">responded='lgc'>='lgc'>-->) temperament of living creatures ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> wind
="lsts lst1">•pulse of the heart caused by the spirit of life
="lsts lst1">•thermal expansion
="lsts lst1">•vaporization (='lgc'>+ contraction) of air
="lsts lst1">•pneumatics
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“wind='lgc'> = thermal expansion ='and'>& contraction of air” ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> a vita="trms"nttrm="listen,alist,ilist,llist,olist,ylist,ulist">listic-alchemical Rosicrucian conception of meteorology and ="trms">cosmology ='lgc'>=/= ="ppl">Descartes’ mechanical-corpuscular view of ="trms">nature ='lgc'>='lgc'>-->='lgc'>{wind ='lgc'><='lgc'>== vapours drawn up from earth and water by solar heat (vapours expanded when heated and when they encountered the op="trms">position of other vapours clouds or mountains they ended up escaping in the one free direction)
="lsts lst1">•vapour='lgc'>: (made out of) small corpuscles together with even smaller particles filling the gaps between the corpuscles
Froidmont ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> wind='lgc'>: (made of) dry and hot exhalations ='lgc'>=/= animated (as the stoics dream)
='lgc'>{winds flow towards Earth because of their gravity, like streams and rivers in their beds='lgc'>} gravity ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> wind ='lgc'>=/= (direct expression of) celestial power and caused by God’s angels
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scorched by rays and reflexes of the sun
="trms">denser
Torricelli conceptualized the motion of the hot and cold air masses by thinking them as separated by the walls of a building and in this way he ignored the air’s life-like tendency to expand when heated. instead he reasoned in terms of change of weight applying Archimedes principle
علم کلام
='strcls'>*reflections grounded on ="trms">literary descriptions of ancient artefacts='strcls'>*
='lgc'>+ based on actual devices
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> wind='lgc'> = source of a potentially in="trms">finite quantity of motive force, the multiform expression of a single cosmic principle animating air
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inverted glass experiment ='lgc'>: a ='strcls'>***de="trms">monstration ='lgc'>='lgc'>~= simulacrum='strcls'>*** (of celestial motive forces) ='lgc'>[='lgc'>='lgc'>~=='qstn'>? a ="trms">fable='lgc'>]
='at'>#a demon working on de="trms">monstrations
mechanistic explanations ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> mechanical conceptualization='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•astronomical clocks
="lsts lst1">•clockwork automata
="lsts lst1">•computing machines
="lsts lst1">•optical tricks
='lgc'>--Borrelli='lgc'>='lgc'>--> weatherglass only became ="trms">interesting when considered as a means of quantifying ="trms">phenomena
='strcls'>*artefacts and artificial processes that lent themselves to conceptualization in vita="trms"nttrm="listen,alist,ilist,llist,olist,ylist,ulist">listic terms='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•alchemical experiments
="lsts lst1">•magnetic compass
="lsts lst1">•pneumatic engines
="lsts lst1">•speculate on wind
="lsts lst1">•fa[...]