[...]l='strcls'>* ='lgc'>[='lgc'>+ fire as ="trms">intermediator='lgc'>] ='lgc'>~ spiritus, pneum, quintessence ='lgc'>~ fire or air

...in schematic abstract structure of body-spirit-soul, spirit is somewhere in between

spirit='lgc'>: air-like substance
air='lgc'>: preferred vehicle of spirit (conveyed the breath if life ='lgc'>+ ='strcls'>*used by demonic spirits as a means to produce ="trms">material effects='strcls'>*)

='strcls'>*spirit='lgc'>: celestial o="trms"nttrm="righ,rigo,riga,rigi,trig,rign">rigin to the “innate heat” (calidum innatum) of living creatures

="large lg2" stl="font-size:110%"> effects of solar heat on air ='lgc'>: act of vitalization

pneuma of the stoics ='lgc'>+ astral body of Neoplatonic philosophy ='lgc'>+ medical spirits of Galenic medicine ='lgc'>}='lgc'>='lgc'>==>
="lsts lst1">•Renaissance
="lsts lst1">•(christian notion of) Holy Ghost
="lsts lst1">•='thdf'>the idea of close connection between wind and divine power (in Bible)

(in alchemical view) spirits were somehow connected ti air ='lgc'><='lgc'>== quintessences were often separated from raw substances in the form of vapours


="nms">="nms">ajayebnameh ='lgc'>='lgc'>~= ="trms">natural magic
='strcls'>*kinds of ="trms">natural motions='strcls'>*
="lstsrd">1. avoidance of avacum='lgc'>: from the form of a portion of air, when it does not want to be either expanded further or separated (from other ="trms">matter). ="trms">horror vacui ='lgc'>--kinetic='lgc'>='lgc'>--> motion was regarded as due to a property of a ="trms">specific part of the machine
="lstsrd">2. resistance to ="trms">excessive compression='lgc'>: the form of basic ="trms">matter should not become less that what is ="trms"nttrm="righ,rigo,riga,rigi,trig,rign">right for it
="lstsrd">3. the tendency of heavy things to descend and of light things to rise

air='lgc'> = vital spirit that joins things together, resounding spirit if the ="trms">world ="trms">instrument

Paraceksian theory of aerial niter
(an active principle) aerial version of earthly gunpowder - ="trms">responsible for life, combustion, thunder, lightning, (some) illnesses
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> connecting the activity of air ='lgc'>+ life ='lgc'>+ weather ="trms">phenomena

wind='lgc'>: (='strcls'>***in its irreducible qualitative variety='strcls'>***) expression of cosmic spirit ='lgc'>+ محرک باعث a motive force to be accurately estimated

منجنیق ='lgc'>='lgc'>~= ="trms">geometry هندسه ='strcls'>*pneumatic engineering='strcls'>* ='lgc'>: distinction between moving and moved components ='lgc'>==evoke='lgc'>='lgc'>==> motive forces
elaborated pneumatic machines
mechanical clocks
tension of strings

='strcls'>*wind ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> celestial influences='strcls'>*
(Cardano regarded) expansion and contraction of air as ="trms">symmetrical ="trms">phenomena, both consisting a source of motive forces
="prgrph">-in the universe the element air had the function of receiving and conveying fiery celestial influences on earth providing health and wellbeing fir living creatures

Telesion (1509-1588)
soul and spirit identified with each other as a very subtle ="trms">material substance ="trms">pervading all bodies and making them capable of sensing and reacting to rach other with pleasure or pain
='strcls'>*(man’s) immortal soul did not play any role in determining ="trms">natural ="trms">phenomena='strcls'>*

innate heat of living bodies

wind='lgc'>: humid vapours flowing through the air
thinness of wind vapours


16th century
expiration and inspiration of the lungs
Holy Spirit is expressed in the ="trms">nature of winds
="trms">interest in wind and weather was kindled by reports reaching Europe from the East and West Indies about hitherto unknown meteorological ="trms">phenomena عجایب


orderly ma="trms">jesty of God ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> encyclopedism about the universe ='lgc'>+ an analogue of a ="trms">memory ="trms">system

Jean Bodin
firm believer in and opponent of demonic magic
theater of the whole ="trms">nature universe ="trms">naturae theatrum
reason of wind (ratio ventorum)='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•sun
="lsts lst1">•impulse (impulsus) of the angels or demons


sphere of sacrobosco
De sphaera mundi
(On the Sphere of the ="trms">World, pre-Copernican astronomy)


...our sublunar ="trms">world

gunpowder theory of thunder ⛈
compact earthly ="trms">matter from underground whose expansion with expansion so fast that it moves large masses of air, like “salniter in fire or gunpowder which has caught fire”

="large lg1" stl="font-size:136%">
visualization
making air visible
inverted glass experiment
linking thermal expansion ='and'>& contraction of pure air to wind formation (Cardano)

(under the influence of) celestial fire ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> air (could become alive and active) acquiring motive force

on the transmutations of air

(typical of 16th century) steering the ="trms">religious significance of the study of ="trms">nature
spirit='lgc'>: a cosmic subtle substance, both recipient ='lgc'>+ vehicle of celestial influences ='lgc'>==allow='lgc'>='lgc'>==> elements to transmute into each other (='lgc'>+ meteorological ="trms">phenomena)
(Drebbel’s favourite cosmic spirit='lgc'>:) fire='lgc'> = clearest of all elements ad top of the hierarchical order of elements (fire, air, water, earth), clarifying the other elements ='lgc'>[such as Siavash='lgc'>]

(for Della Porta='lgc'>:) meteorological ="trms">phenomena='lgc'> = transmutations of the air (in ="trms">literal sense)
air becoming thinner or ="trms">thicker ='lgc'>==rise='lgc'>='lgc'>==> winds, thunder, clouds, rain, snow, linking heaven ='lgc'>+ earth ='lgc'>+ bringing life to all animated creatures

(Della Porta conceived of) wind in vita="trms"nttrm="listen,alist,ilist,llist,olist,ylist,ulist">listic terms
...winds rising up from the mouth of the retort (boiling water)
how heat endowed air with motive force


(Drebbel ="trms">presenting to the public) perpetuum mobile ='lgc'>: expansion and contraction of air (which he claimed) de="trms">monstrated the force behind all movement and life

weatherglass (='lgc'>+ aeolipila) ='lgc'>--de="trms">monstrated='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='strcls'>****highly nontrivial ="trms">natural ="trms">phenomena='strcls'>**** (transformation of energy from heat into mechanical motion)

(="nms">ajayeb’s) theory about the o="trms"nttrm="righ,rigo,riga,rigi,trig,rign">rigins of the wind

Galileo ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> earth's rotation ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> (='lgc'><='lgc'>--evidence='lgc'>--) wind
Bacon ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> exhalations together with air ='lgc'>[rarefaction and expansion of air / exhalation drawn up by sun='lgc'>] ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> wind
Fludd (meteorological cosmica) ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> wind='lgc'>: principal meteorological ="trms">phenomenon (princeps meteororum) and closest to God
“wind is an aerial spirit, of middle consistence, inspired or animated by the breath of Iehova, which he extracts from his treasure-case ="trms">according to his will, to effect either a punishment or a bene="trms">diction”
="lsts lst1">•angels='lgc'>: efficient cause of winds (in borg macro- and micro="trms">cosmos)
="lsts lst1">•(changes in the air ='lgc'>--cor="trms">responded='lgc'>='lgc'>-->) temperament of living creatures ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> wind
="lsts lst1">•pulse of the heart caused by the spirit of life
="lsts lst1">•thermal expansion
="lsts lst1">•vaporization (='lgc'>+ contraction) of air
="lsts lst1">•pneumatics


“wind='lgc'> = thermal expansion ='and'>& contraction of air” ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> a vita="trms"nttrm="listen,alist,ilist,llist,olist,ylist,ulist">listic-alchemical Rosicrucian conception of meteorology and ="trms">cosmology ='lgc'>=/= ="ppl">Descartes’ mechanical-corpuscular view of ="trms">nature ='lgc'>='lgc'>-->='lgc'>{wind ='lgc'><='lgc'>== vapours drawn up from earth and water by solar heat (vapours expanded when heated and when they encountered the op="trms">position of other vapours clouds or mountains they ended up escaping in the one free direction)
="lsts lst1">•vapour='lgc'>: (made out of) small corpuscles together with even smaller particles filling the gaps between the corpuscles

="large lg3" stl="font-size:111%"> Froidmont ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> wind='lgc'>: (made of) dry and hot exhalations ='lgc'>=/= animated (as the stoics dream)
='lgc'>{winds flow towards Earth because of their gravity, like streams and rivers in their beds='lgc'>} gravity ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> wind ='lgc'>=/= (direct expression of) celestial power and caused by God’s angels


scorched by rays and reflexes of the sun
="trms">denser


="large lg4" stl="font-size:110%"> Torricelli conceptualized the motion of the hot and cold air masses by thinking them as separated by the walls of a building and in this way he ignored the air’s life-like tendency to expand when heated. instead he reasoned in terms of change of weight applying Archimedes principle


علم کلام
='strcls'>*reflections grounded on ="trms">literary descriptions of ancient artefacts='strcls'>*
='lgc'>+ based on actual devices
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> wind='lgc'> = source of a potentially in="trms">finite quantity of motive force, the multiform expression of a single cosmic principle animating air

inverted glass experiment ='lgc'>: a ='strcls'>***de="trms">monstration ='lgc'>='lgc'>~= simulacrum='strcls'>*** (of celestial motive forces) ='lgc'>[='lgc'>='lgc'>~=='qstn'>? a ="trms">fable='lgc'>]
='at'>#a demon working on de="trms">monstrations

mechanistic explanations ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> mechanical conceptualization='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•astronomical clocks
="lsts lst1">•clockwork automata
="lsts lst1">•computing machines
="lsts lst1">•optical tricks

="large lg5" stl="font-size:159%"> ='lgc'>--Borrelli='lgc'>='lgc'>--> weatherglass only became ="trms">interesting when considered as a means of quantifying ="trms">phenomena

='strcls'>*artefacts and artificial processes that lent themselves to conceptualization in vita="trms"nttrm="listen,alist,ilist,llist,olist,ylist,ulist">listic terms='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•alchemical experiments
="lsts lst1">•magnetic compass
="lsts lst1">•pneumatic engines
="lsts lst1">•speculate on wind
="lsts lst1">•falling bodies
="lsts lst1">•pendulum


(Halley’s) wind='lgc'>: successions of strokes indicating the direction in which a ship would ="trms">travel under the i[...]