[...]
="prgrph">-we have seen war machine assign its objective a peace still more terrifying than fascist death
='strcls'>*the un="trms">specified enemy='strcls'>* we have seen it put its counterguerrilla elements into place


two poles of war machine='lgc'>:
="lstsrd">1. it takes war for its object and forms a line of destruction prolongable to the limits of the universe
="lstsrd">2. when it, with in="trms">finitely lower qualities, has as its object not war but the drawing of a ='strcls'>*creative line of flight='strcls'>* (the com="trms">position of a smooth space and of the movement of people in that space)

an ideological, ="trms">scientific, or artistic movement can be a potential war machine, to the precise extent to which it draws, in ="trms">relation to aphylum, a plane of consistency, a creative line of flight, a smooth space of displacement

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="large lg2" stl="font-size:112%"> ="lstsrd">0.99993

="ppl">Daston ="trms">history of reason
="ppl">Daston asking='lgc'>: how reason became rationality='qstn'>?

rationality (='lgc'>='lgc'>~= universal calculus of) ='lgc'>=/= reasoning

="lsts lst1">•(a more) ancient ideal ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> reasoning ='lgc'>[with recourse to the faculty of judgement='lgc'>]
="lsts lst1">•="trms">modern ideal ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> (cold war) rationality='lgc'>: a ="trms">finite well-defined set of rules that can be applied unambiguously in ="trms">specified settings without recourse to the faculty of judgement

cold war='lgc'>: crystalline ='lgc'>+ generality ='lgc'>+ con="trms">="trms"nttrm="cluster,club">clusivess could cope with a ="trms">world on the brink
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> algorithmic rules as the core of rationality
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> sacrifice of ='lgc'>[precious to philosophers='lgc'>] ‘insight’ and ‘understanding’ ascpects of reason
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> automatic='lgc'>: you don't need to understand them to execute them

='strcls'>*the posiblity of a mechanical mind='strcls'>*

Turing's ='lgc'>[='strcls'>*='lgc'>]programming='lgc'>: constructing ="trms">instruction tables

(1794 early French revolution) universal school for future French citizen with arithmetic ='lgc'>[3 ='lgc'>+ 4='lgc'> = 7='lgc'>] at its core ='lgc'>--teach='lgc'>-> “exactitude of the mind” ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">children are going to learn='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•the meaning of self evidence ='lgc'>[of arithmetic pro="trms">positions='lgc'>]
="lsts lst1">•the meaning of justified belief
="lsts lst1">•formation of ideas
="lsts lst1">•judgement
="lsts lst1">•reasoning
='lgc'>}='lgc'>--foundation='lgc'>='lgc'>--> quanitative ="trms">science of a human realm

first re="trms">liable calculator ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> 1850

="large lg1" stl="font-size:133%"> rationality عقلانيت
="lsts lst1">•="trms">history of ever more sophisticated mechanical computers
="lsts lst1">•how rules themselves became increasingly identified with algorithms
="lsts lst1">•how algorithms became increasingly identified with mindlessness

="ppl">Kant ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">science as mechanical ="trms">skill that can be mastered by diligence and determinate rules
tacit knowl="trms"nttrm="knowledge,Knowledge">edge='lgc'>: a manul labor ='lgc'>[="trms">styles of knowing='lgc'>] that cannot be captured by algorithms

='lgc'>-='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='gtrw'>go to Encyclopedie (Did="trms">erot)...

de="trms">skilling calculation ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> economic rationality (economic rationalization)='lgc'>: you take the task, de="trms">compose it into simplest possible steps, you divide the labor, you hire the least ="trms">skilled and cheapest labor possible ='lgc'>==Babbage='lgc'>='lgc'>==> increase the efficiency and the costs

="lsts lst1">•game theory
="lsts lst1">•rational choice theory


(="trms">memory ='lgc'>+ understanding ='lgc'>+ judgement ='lgc'>+ ="trms">imagination)
='strcls'>*judgement (="ppl">Daston) and ="trms">imagination (="frds">Sina) are ="trms">integral to the exercise of reason='strcls'>*

reason in rationality='lgc'>: algorithmic rule governed ='lgc'>=/=
="lsts lst1">•passions اشتياق تعصب
="lsts lst1">•fantasy وسواس
="lsts lst1">•sloppy thinking درهم وبرهم
="lsts lst1">•ignorance بى خبرى
="lsts lst1">•superstition خرافه
="lsts lst1">•self-deception خود فريبى


the human factor
there is something about human that has always been in odds with reason

Nozick (='lgc'>~ Terminator) ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> the rules of procedures that constitute rationality would be valid, would be efficacious, but algorithmic. executed by machine, but opaque to human understanding
='lgc'>~ ="ppl">Wittgenstein ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> to follow a rule='lgc'>: a practice taught by example ='lgc'>=/= precept
='lgc'>}='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='strcls'>*to understand rules in an algorithmic sense='strcls'>* ='lgc'>=/= model, maxim, tacit knowl="trms"nttrm="knowledge,Knowledge">edge


="ppl">Daston ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> there is no simple way, in which ="trms">historical context determines the form and content of the thinkable. but (as in the case of algorithmic rules and cold war rationality) ="trms">historical circumstances do light up some parts of the intellectual landscape and darken others

our current understanding of what it means to be rational owes a great deal to the power of place and time
="lsts lst1">•for ="ppl">Kant='lgc'>: judgement='lgc'> = highest faculties ='lgc'>=/= for ="trms">modern (us) judgement is problematic


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='lgc'>[the ="trms">horror of the contemporary German art:='lgc'>] to deliberate='lgc'>: کنکاش سنجیده و عمدی ='lgc'>=/= ="frds scrmbld">Janina
(art of ='lgc'>[ironic='lgc'>] deliberation ='lgc'>=/= chaotic venture, ="frds">Sina's ="trms">lecture-performances)
deliberation='lgc'>: thinking then doing it ='lgc'>=/= doing then thinking about what you have done (='lgc'>='lgc'>~= ="trms">communication, intimacy)

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="trms">="trms"nttrm="metaph,metamorph,metabol,metal">metaphysics of ="trms">natural law

="ppl">Daston's ="trms"nttrm="righ,rigo,riga,rigi,trig,rign">rigor='lgc'>: trying to understand why is it so persistant (almost irresistible) that we ='strcls'>**extract ="trms">social and moral norms from ="trms">nature='strcls'>** (rather than jumping up saying that it is a doomed idea)
='lgc'>[='lgc'>='lgc'>--> got to ="trms">fable; ikhvano safa court of ="trms">animals; panchatantra Kelile Demne='lgc'>]
="lsts lst1">•to merge ="trms">natural and ="trms">social orders together
="lsts lst1">•to make ="trms">nature meaningful
="lsts lst1">•to invoke ="trms">nature to buttress human values of='lgc'>: true, good, beautiful
="lsts lst1">•

devil='lgc'> = collective human ="trms">imagination of chaos

formless and lawless
land of no promises
="trms">past is no guide to the future
at the mercy of chance

the axiom of ="trms">modern thought='lgc'>: ="trms">society ='lgc'>=/= ="trms">nature ='lgc'>[of which trespassings are rife='lgc'>]

='lgc'>[='at'>#="trms">fable='lgc'>]
to extract some ="trms">sort of politics from='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•beehive
="lsts lst1">•physics of liver
="lsts lst1">•evolutionary theory
="lsts lst1">•organic specialization ='lgc'>[='lgc'>--="ppl">Aristotle='lgc'>='lgc'>--> slavery='lgc'>]
="lsts lst1">•

="lstsrd">1. how conceptions of ="trms">natural order sustains ="trms">specific norms ='and'>& the model of any kind of norm ='lgc'><='lgc'>-- ="trms">historical ='lgc'>+ ="trms">="trms">empirical
="lstsrd">2. appeal to ="trms">nature capture something profound about values in general regardless of their ="trms">specific context ='lgc'><='lgc'>-- philosophical

(the human) impulse to ='strcls'>*make ="trms">nature meaningful='strcls'>* ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> psychological ='lgc'>+ ="trms">epistemological ='lgc'>+ ethical necessity


(1)
(="trms">specific) ='lgc'>[='strcls'>*='lgc'>]="trms">nature='lgc'>: the ="trms">ontological identity card ='lgc'>: that which makes a particular thing what it is (what makes skwerl a skwerl)
='thdf'>the idea of ='strcls'>***fixed ="trms">natural kind ='lgc'>==inspire='lgc'>='lgc'>==> ='thdf'>the ideal of justice='strcls'>***
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='thdf'>the idea of organic specialization ='lgc'>[organ='lgc'>: ‘tool’ in ="trms">greek; for ="ppl">Aristotle='lgc'>: “injustice='lgc'> = violation of specialization” (of citizen's tools or honors) ='lgc'><='lgc'>-- an order of ="trms">nature='lgc'>]

rose wanna be skwerl ='lgc'>-='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='gtrw'>go to ="trms">bestiary
“good consist in each being striving to be the best of its kind not the best of all”

="large lg3" stl="font-size:111%"> (2)
='lgc'>[='strcls'>*='lgc'>]="trms">nature='lgc'>: the will of God (='lgc'>~ edict of God) ='lgc'>--="ppl">Augustine='lgc'>='lgc'>--> “sodomy='lgc'> = crime against ="trms">nature (='lgc'>~ against God='lgc'>: the ="trms">author of ="trms">nature)” ='lgc'>[='lgc'>='lgc'>--> un="trms">natural ='lgc'>=/= sacrilege توهين به مقدسات='lgc'>]
="lsts lst1">•a Roman custom (and a Roman intuition)='lgc'>: when you are in a place you try to adapt to the local ways of doing things ='lgc'><='lgc'>-- (with ="ppl">Augustine) we are preserved in a pro="trms">verb ='lgc'>[='at'>#="trms">integration='lgc'>] ='lgc'>--grant='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">nature with supreme ="trms">authority as God's proxy


seeking norms in ="trms">nature ='lgc'>--="ppl">Daston='lgc'>='lgc'>-->
="lsts lst1">•is this (examples) why we should stop it (at best ="trms">nature ="trms">authority is borrowed whether overtly from God or covertly from ="trms">social conventions ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> it is redundent and we don't need it)
="lsts lst1">•it is a d="trms"nttrm="danger,stranger">angerous weapon in the arsenal of the most repressive and aggressive elements of ="trms">society

content of norms ='lgc'>=/= ='lgc'>[='strcls'>*='lgc'>]normativity='lgc'>: a justificatoin that gives any and all norms their force ='lgc'>: the quality of telling us what should be (='lgc'>=/= describing how things actually are)

="large lg4" stl="font-size:112%"> “the starry heavens above ='lgc'>='lgc'>~/= the moral law within” ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="ppl">Kant's awe='lgc'>: the regularity (of both human law and ="trms">natural law)
حيرت awe ='lgc'>[='lgc'><='lgc'>==evoke='lgc'>== the cosmic='lgc'>: all encompassing order ='and'>& exquisitely designed ornament='lgc'>] ='lgc'>=/= ="trms">horror ='lgc'>[='lgc'><='lgc'>==evoke='lgc'>== the un="trms">natural (="nms">ajayeb)='lgc'>]

='strcls'>**the recognition of an order='strcls'>** ='lgc'>--="ppl">Daston='lgc'>='lgc'>--> the key to all kinds of norms (='lgc'>='lgc'>--> awe='lgc'> = ="trms">wonder ='lgc'>+ fear ='lgc'>+ respect)


(ancient ="trms">greek ="trms">cosmopolitan ="trms">traverler ethnographer) Herodotus's ="trms">fable of ‘custom is king of all’ ='lgc'><='lgc'>-- داریوش perian king Darius's ="trms">anthropological experiment='lgc'>: ="trms">Greeks won't eat their father's dead body, they burn it ='lgc'>=/= Indians won't burn their father's dead body, they eat it

="lsts lst1">•chaos='lgc'>: ="trms">nature without order
="lsts lst1">•anarchy='lgc'>: ="trms">society without order
='lgc'>}='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">past is no guide to ="trms">present and future ='lgc'>: ='strcls'>*there are no regularities (of human promises or ="trms">natural cycles) to support either justice or knowl="trms"nttrm="knowledge,Knowledge">edge='strcls'>*

="large lg5" stl="font-size:120%">
why duplicate the moral order with an analogical ="trms">natural order='qstn'>?[...]