[...]s it so persistant (almost irresistible) that we ='strcls'>**extract ="trms">social and moral norms from ="trms">nature='strcls'>** (rather than jumping up saying that it is a doomed idea)
='lgc'>[='lgc'>='lgc'>--> got to ="trms">fable; ikhvano safa court of ="trms">animals; panchatantra Kelile Demne='lgc'>]
="lsts lst1">•to merge ="trms">natural and ="trms">social orders together
="lsts lst1">•to make ="trms">nature meaningful
="lsts lst1">•to invoke ="trms">nature to buttress human values of='lgc'>: true, good, beautiful
="lsts lst1">•

devil='lgc'> = collective human ="trms">imagination of chaos

formless and lawless
land of no promises
="trms">past is no guide to the future
at the mercy of chance

the axiom of ="trms">modern thought='lgc'>: ="trms">society ='lgc'>=/= ="trms">nature ='lgc'>[of which trespassings are rife='lgc'>]

='lgc'>[='at'>#="trms">fable='lgc'>]
to extract some ="trms">sort of politics from='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•beehive
="lsts lst1">•physics of liver
="lsts lst1">•evolutionary theory
="lsts lst1">•organic specialization ='lgc'>[='lgc'>--="ppl">Aristotle='lgc'>='lgc'>--> slavery='lgc'>]
="lsts lst1">•

="lstsrd">1. how conceptions of ="trms">natural order sustains ="trms">specific norms ='and'>& the model of any kind of norm ='lgc'><='lgc'>-- ="trms">historical ='lgc'>+ ="trms">="trms">empirical
="lstsrd">2. appeal to ="trms">nature capture something profound about values in general regardless of their ="trms">specific context ='lgc'><='lgc'>-- philosophical

="large lg2" stl="font-size:112%"> (the human) impulse to ='strcls'>*make ="trms">nature meaningful='strcls'>* ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> psychological ='lgc'>+ ="trms">epistemological ='lgc'>+ ethical necessity


(1)
(="trms">specific) ='lgc'>[='strcls'>*='lgc'>]="trms">nature='lgc'>: the ="trms">ontological identity card ='lgc'>: that which makes a particular thing what it is (what makes skwerl a skwerl)
='thdf'>the idea of ='strcls'>***fixed ="trms">natural kind ='lgc'>==inspire='lgc'>='lgc'>==> ='thdf'>the ideal of justice='strcls'>***
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='thdf'>the idea of organic specialization ='lgc'>[organ='lgc'>: ‘tool’ in ="trms">greek; for ="ppl">Aristotle='lgc'>: “injustice='lgc'> = violation of specialization” (of citizen's tools or honors) ='lgc'><='lgc'>-- an order of ="trms">nature='lgc'>]

rose wanna be skwerl ='lgc'>-='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='gtrw'>go to ="trms">bestiary
“good consist in each being striving to be the best of its kind not the best of all”

(2)
='lgc'>[='strcls'>*='lgc'>]="trms">nature='lgc'>: the will of God (='lgc'>~ edict of God) ='lgc'>--="ppl">Augustine='lgc'>='lgc'>--> “sodomy='lgc'> = crime against ="trms">nature (='lgc'>~ against God='lgc'>: the ="trms">author of ="trms">nature)” ='lgc'>[='lgc'>='lgc'>--> un="trms">natural ='lgc'>=/= sacrilege توهين به مقدسات='lgc'>]
="lsts lst1">•a Roman custom (and a Roman intuition)='lgc'>: when you are in a place you try to adapt to the local ways of doing things ='lgc'><='lgc'>-- (with ="ppl">Augustine) we are preserved in a pro="trms">verb ='lgc'>[='at'>#="trms">integration='lgc'>] ='lgc'>--grant='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">nature with supreme ="trms">authority as God's proxy


seeking norms in ="trms">nature ='lgc'>--="ppl">Daston='lgc'>='lgc'>-->
="lsts lst1">•is this (examples) why we should stop it (at best ="trms">nature ="trms">authority is borrowed whether overtly from God or covertly from ="trms">social conventions ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> it is redundent and we don't need it)
="lsts lst1">•it is a d="trms"nttrm="danger,stranger">angerous weapon in the arsenal of the most repressive and aggressive elements of ="trms">society

content of norms ='lgc'>=/= ='lgc'>[='strcls'>*='lgc'>]normativity='lgc'>: a justificatoin that gives any and all norms their force ='lgc'>: the quality of telling us what should be (='lgc'>=/= describing how things actually are)

="large lg1" stl="font-size:136%"> “the starry heavens above ='lgc'>='lgc'>~/= the moral law within” ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="ppl">Kant's awe='lgc'>: the regularity (of both human law and ="trms">natural law)
حيرت awe ='lgc'>[='lgc'><='lgc'>==evoke='lgc'>== the cosmic='lgc'>: all encompassing order ='and'>& exquisitely designed ornament='lgc'>] ='lgc'>=/= ="trms">horror ='lgc'>[='lgc'><='lgc'>==evoke='lgc'>== the un="trms">natural (="nms">ajayeb)='lgc'>]

='strcls'>**the recognition of an order='strcls'>** ='lgc'>--="ppl">Daston='lgc'>='lgc'>--> the key to all kinds of norms (='lgc'>='lgc'>--> awe='lgc'> = ="trms">wonder ='lgc'>+ fear ='lgc'>+ respect)


(ancient ="trms">greek ="trms">cosmopolitan ="trms">traverler ethnographer) Herodotus's ="trms">fable of ‘custom is king of all’ ='lgc'><='lgc'>-- داریوش perian king Darius's ="trms">anthropological experiment='lgc'>: ="trms">Greeks won't eat their father's dead body, they burn it ='lgc'>=/= Indians won't burn their father's dead body, they eat it

="lsts lst1">•chaos='lgc'>: ="trms">nature without order
="lsts lst1">•anarchy='lgc'>: ="trms">society without order
='lgc'>}='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">past is no guide to ="trms">present and future ='lgc'>: ='strcls'>*there are no regularities (of human promises or ="trms">natural cycles) to support either justice or knowl="trms"nttrm="knowledge,Knowledge">edge='strcls'>*


why duplicate the moral order with an analogical ="trms">natural order='qstn'>?
why turn to ="trms">nature for your raw ="trms">materials (to construct moral order for themselves)='qstn'>?
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ...

are we now in the ="trms">position to reclaim norms from ="trms">nature='qstn'>?
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> yes ='lgc'><='lgc'>== ="trms">nature exemplifies so many ="trms">different kinds of order='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•order of the stars and plant ='lgc'>=/= order of weather
="lsts lst1">•order of ="trms">specific ="trms">natures ='lgc'>=/= order of universal ="trms">natural laws
="lsts lst1">•order of local ="trms">ecologies ='lgc'>=/= order of ="trms">cosmological unities of gravitation
="lsts lst1">•
which ="trms">nature='qstn'>? ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> any order of ="trms">nature can be countered with examples of another order equally ="trms">natural ='lgc'>}='lgc'>--="ppl">Daston='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='lgc'>[='strcls'>*='lgc'>]="trms">nature='lgc'>: re="trms">pository (or wunderkammer) of all ="trms">imaginable orders='strcls'>****

terror ='lgc'>+ randomness ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> most effective weapon of ="trms">dictators (you never know when it strikes again)
="prgrph">-="trms">horror of ="ppl">Kafka's bureaucracy='lgc'>: negation of regularity, destruction of order, institutionalized anarchy
="prgrph">-one of the most dehumanizing experiences='lgc'>: being completely subject to the will of another (='lgc'>~ slavery) ='lgc'>[='lgc'>='lgc'>--> this is the most pleasurable experience in sex and sado masochism='lgc'>]

="lsts lst1">•="trms">nature never insults (its inhumanity)
="lsts lst1">•="trms">nature provides the raw ="trms">material for meaning ='lgc'><='lgc'>-- ='strcls'>*because we are ="trms">embodied organisms we must incarnate our orders='strcls'>* (='lgc'>~ we must find a way to display them to ourselves)
="lsts lst1">•="trms">animals can feel terror, but only humans can feel ="trms">horror='lgc'>: the emotion that registers a deep disruption of an order (no ="trms">matter what kind, a two-headed baby ='lgc'>[="trms">natural ="trms">monster='lgc'>] or a mother who kills her two babies ='lgc'>[moral ="trms">monster='lgc'>])


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='lgc'>[title='lgc'>]
itchy eyes

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16th and 17th centuries
times of extraordinary ="trms">religious, economic, and intellectual upheaval (Europe was deluged by novelties of all kinds='lgc'>: ="trms">birds of paradise, armadillos, anomalies='lgc'>: solar eclipse, comet, narwhal tusk, etc.)
(="ppl">Daston >) Bacon ='lgc'>[standing on an extremely unstable ="trms">scientific ground='lgc'>] used ="trms">monsters and marvels (as a ="trms">sort of intellectual hygiene) to jolt people out of their assumptions about the ="trms">natural ="trms">world
='lgc'>=/= Aristotelian ="trms">natural philosophy
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> anomaly took center ="trms">stage of ="trms">scientific explanations ='lgc'>='lgc'>~= art's investment in the exceptional
='lgc'>='lgc'>==> curiosity becomes a virtue ='lgc'>=/= vice
="lsts lst1">•="trms">nature is allowed to ="trms">joke
="lsts lst1">•="trms">nature has the freedom to experiment ='lgc'>=/= God
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ended by='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•18th century's ='strcls'>*division of labor='strcls'>*
="lsts lst1">•19th century's ='strcls'>*institution of ="trms">science='strcls'>*

(two-headed cat's) deformations ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> terrifying ='lgc'>+ electrifying
='lgc'>[='strcls'>*='lgc'>]="trms">bestiary='lgc'> = Telegram media from God='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•sign of end
="lsts lst1">•sign of fecundity, creativity, variety of ="trms">nature

.../="trms">horror/="trms">wonder/="trms">horror/="trms">wonder/="trms">horror/="trms">wonder/...

“everyone was trafficking in marvels in the 17th century”
="ppl">Daston

... ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> pre="trms">modern sci ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> age of ="trms">wonder ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">modern ="trms">science ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ...

cabinets of curiosity
(="ppl">Daston's) chambers of ="trms">wonders
="lsts lst1">•to overwhelm you
="lsts lst1">•to impress the ambassador


for ="ppl">Aristotle, philosophy starts with ="trms">wonder, but you make it disappear as soon as possible (“="trms">wonder='lgc'> = sign of ignorance” of the unlettered and il="trms">literate)

genre of ="trms">natural ="trms">history involving the marvels of insects ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> domesticate the emotion of ="trms">wonder for things we can explain

="ppl">Daston ='lgc'>=/= (early 20th century) morose and elegiac discourse about the disenchantment of the ="trms">world

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pessimism ='lgc'>='lgc'>~= realism
(optimism ='lgc'>='lgc'>~= idealism)

="large lg3" stl="font-size:112%"> ="display:block;white-space:nowrap;margin-bottom:-1em;overflow:hidden;">...................................

(to move from) eternal truths ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> eternal archives
(an ="trms">aesthetic='lgc'>:) archival monuments

despite computer's hype and undeniable capacity and flexibility of computerize ="trms">databases, the practices of collecting, inventorying, describing, image-making, collating, and publishing have remaining stable since the monumental projects of 19th century: corpus inscriptionum latinarum, carte du ciel, botanical gar="trms">dens, etc. ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> archival projects

="large lg4" stl="font-size:111%"> ="display:block;white-space:nowrap;margin-bottom:-1em;overflow:hidden;">...................................

popular and learned ="trms">interest in ="trms">monsters

(in the 16th century ='and'>& 17th century Baconian ="trms">scientific programm='lgc'>:) treatments of ="trms">nature and ="trms">natural ="trms">history must have in="trms"nttrm="cluster,club">cluded (with ="trms"nttrm="righ,rigo,riga,rigi,trig,rign">rigorous selection) ="trms">monsters (='lgc'>~ aberrations in the ="trms">natural order='lgc'>: new, rare, and unusual ="trms">nature, both exotic ='and'>& domestic)
='lgc'>[='strcls'>*='lgc'>]="trms">nature='lgc'>: an ingenious ="trms">craftsman ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='lgc'>[='strcls'>*='lgc'>]="trms">monster='lgc'>: ="trms">nature's most artful work (='lgc'>='lgc'>--> they bridged the ="trms">natural ='and'>& the artificial)
="lsts lst1">•cor="trms">responded to the activities of ="trms">nature ='lgc'>=/= types of subject ="trms">matter, ="trms">methods of investigation
="lsts lst1">•="trms">interest in irregularities (='lgc'>=/= end of 17th century ="trms">interest in ="trms">nature's uniformity and order)
="lsts lst1">•

Lazarus exhibition, the parasitic twin (the italian conjoined twins who toured freak shows in 17th century europe)

="large lg5" stl="font-size:113%"> (="ppl">Daston ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> a case study of) the changing ="trms">relationship between popular ='and'>& learned culture

legal status of ="trms">monsters
[...]