[...]the most repressive and aggressive elements of ="trms">society

content of norms ='lgc'>=/= ='lgc'>[='strcls'>*='lgc'>]normativity='lgc'>: a justificatoin that gives any and all norms their force ='lgc'>: the quality of telling us what should be (='lgc'>=/= describing how things actually are)

“the starry heavens above ='lgc'>='lgc'>~/= the moral law within” ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="ppl">Kant's awe='lgc'>: the regularity (of both human law and ="trms">natural law)
حيرت awe ='lgc'>[='lgc'><='lgc'>==evoke='lgc'>== the cosmic='lgc'>: all encompassing order ='and'>& exquisitely designed ornament='lgc'>] ='lgc'>=/= ="trms">horror ='lgc'>[='lgc'><='lgc'>==evoke='lgc'>== the un="trms">natural (="nms">ajayeb)='lgc'>]

='strcls'>**the recognition of an order='strcls'>** ='lgc'>--="ppl">Daston='lgc'>='lgc'>--> the key to all kinds of norms (='lgc'>='lgc'>--> awe='lgc'> = ="trms">wonder ='lgc'>+ fear ='lgc'>+ respect)

="large lg2" stl="font-size:110%">
(ancient ="trms">greek ="trms">cosmopolitan ="trms">traverler ethnographer) Herodotus's ="trms">fable of ‘custom is king of all’ ='lgc'><='lgc'>-- داریوش perian king Darius's ="trms">anthropological experiment='lgc'>: ="trms">Greeks won't eat their father's dead body, they burn it ='lgc'>=/= Indians won't burn their father's dead body, they eat it

="lsts lst1">•chaos='lgc'>: ="trms">nature without order
="lsts lst1">•anarchy='lgc'>: ="trms">society without order
='lgc'>}='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">past is no guide to ="trms">present and future ='lgc'>: ='strcls'>*there are no regularities (of human promises or ="trms">natural cycles) to support either justice or knowl="trms"nttrm="knowledge,Knowledge">edge='strcls'>*


why duplicate the moral order with an analogical ="trms">natural order='qstn'>?
why turn to ="trms">nature for your raw ="trms">materials (to construct moral order for themselves)='qstn'>?
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ...

are we now in the ="trms">position to reclaim norms from ="trms">nature='qstn'>?
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> yes ='lgc'><='lgc'>== ="trms">nature exemplifies so many ="trms">different kinds of order='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•order of the stars and plant ='lgc'>=/= order of weather
="lsts lst1">•order of ="trms">specific ="trms">natures ='lgc'>=/= order of universal ="trms">natural laws
="lsts lst1">•order of local ="trms">ecologies ='lgc'>=/= order of ="trms">cosmological unities of gravitation
="lsts lst1">•
which ="trms">nature='qstn'>? ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> any order of ="trms">nature can be countered with examples of another order equally ="trms">natural ='lgc'>}='lgc'>--="ppl">Daston='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='lgc'>[='strcls'>*='lgc'>]="trms">nature='lgc'>: re="trms">pository (or wunderkammer) of all ="trms">imaginable orders='strcls'>****

terror ='lgc'>+ randomness ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> most effective weapon of ="trms">dictators (you never know when it strikes again)
="prgrph">-="trms">horror of ="ppl">Kafka's bureaucracy='lgc'>: negation of regularity, destruction of order, institutionalized anarchy
="prgrph">-one of the most dehumanizing experiences='lgc'>: being completely subject to the will of another (='lgc'>~ slavery) ='lgc'>[='lgc'>='lgc'>--> this is the most pleasurable experience in sex and sado masochism='lgc'>]

="lsts lst1">•="trms">nature never insults (its inhumanity)
="lsts lst1">•="trms">nature provides the raw ="trms">material for meaning ='lgc'><='lgc'>-- ='strcls'>*because we are ="trms">embodied organisms we must incarnate our orders='strcls'>* (='lgc'>~ we must find a way to display them to ourselves)
="lsts lst1">•="trms">animals can feel terror, but only humans can feel ="trms">horror='lgc'>: the emotion that registers a deep disruption of an order (no ="trms">matter what kind, a two-headed baby ='lgc'>[="trms">natural ="trms">monster='lgc'>] or a mother who kills her two babies ='lgc'>[moral ="trms">monster='lgc'>])


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='lgc'>[title='lgc'>]
itchy eyes

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16th and 17th centuries
times of extraordinary ="trms">religious, economic, and intellectual upheaval (Europe was deluged by novelties of all kinds='lgc'>: ="trms">birds of paradise, armadillos, anomalies='lgc'>: solar eclipse, comet, narwhal tusk, etc.)
(="ppl">Daston >) Bacon ='lgc'>[standing on an extremely unstable ="trms">scientific ground='lgc'>] used ="trms">monsters and marvels (as a ="trms">sort of intellectual hygiene) to jolt people out of their assumptions about the ="trms">natural ="trms">world
='lgc'>=/= Aristotelian ="trms">natural philosophy
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> anomaly took center ="trms">stage of ="trms">scientific explanations ='lgc'>='lgc'>~= art's investment in the exceptional
='lgc'>='lgc'>==> curiosity becomes a virtue ='lgc'>=/= vice
="lsts lst1">•="trms">nature is allowed to ="trms">joke
="lsts lst1">•="trms">nature has the freedom to experiment ='lgc'>=/= God
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ended by='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•18th century's ='strcls'>*division of labor='strcls'>*
="lsts lst1">•19th century's ='strcls'>*institution of ="trms">science='strcls'>*

(two-headed cat's) deformations ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> terrifying ='lgc'>+ electrifying
='lgc'>[='strcls'>*='lgc'>]="trms">bestiary='lgc'> = Telegram media from God='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•sign of end
="lsts lst1">•sign of fecundity, creativity, variety of ="trms">nature

.../="trms">horror/="trms">wonder/="trms">horror/="trms">wonder/="trms">horror/="trms">wonder/...

“everyone was trafficking in marvels in the 17th century”
="ppl">Daston

... ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> pre="trms">modern sci ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> age of ="trms">wonder ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">modern ="trms">science ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ...

cabinets of curiosity
(="ppl">Daston's) chambers of ="trms">wonders
="lsts lst1">•to overwhelm you
="lsts lst1">•to impress the ambassador


for ="ppl">Aristotle, philosophy starts with ="trms">wonder, but you make it disappear as soon as possible (“="trms">wonder='lgc'> = sign of ignorance” of the unlettered and il="trms">literate)

genre of ="trms">natural ="trms">history involving the marvels of insects ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> domesticate the emotion of ="trms">wonder for things we can explain

="ppl">Daston ='lgc'>=/= (early 20th century) morose and elegiac discourse about the disenchantment of the ="trms">world

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="large lg1" stl="font-size:117%">
pessimism ='lgc'>='lgc'>~= realism
(optimism ='lgc'>='lgc'>~= idealism)

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(to move from) eternal truths ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> eternal archives
(an ="trms">aesthetic='lgc'>:) archival monuments

despite computer's hype and undeniable capacity and flexibility of computerize ="trms">databases, the practices of collecting, inventorying, describing, image-making, collating, and publishing have remaining stable since the monumental projects of 19th century: corpus inscriptionum latinarum, carte du ciel, botanical gar="trms">dens, etc. ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> archival projects

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popular and learned ="trms">interest in ="trms">monsters

(in the 16th century ='and'>& 17th century Baconian ="trms">scientific programm='lgc'>:) treatments of ="trms">nature and ="trms">natural ="trms">history must have in="trms"nttrm="cluster,club">cluded (with ="trms"nttrm="righ,rigo,riga,rigi,trig,rign">rigorous selection) ="trms">monsters (='lgc'>~ aberrations in the ="trms">natural order='lgc'>: new, rare, and unusual ="trms">nature, both exotic ='and'>& domestic)
='lgc'>[='strcls'>*='lgc'>]="trms">nature='lgc'>: an ingenious ="trms">craftsman ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='lgc'>[='strcls'>*='lgc'>]="trms">monster='lgc'>: ="trms">nature's most artful work (='lgc'>='lgc'>--> they bridged the ="trms">natural ='and'>& the artificial)
="lsts lst1">•cor="trms">responded to the activities of ="trms">nature ='lgc'>=/= types of subject ="trms">matter, ="trms">methods of investigation
="lsts lst1">•="trms">interest in irregularities (='lgc'>=/= end of 17th century ="trms">interest in ="trms">nature's uniformity and order)
="lsts lst1">•

Lazarus exhibition, the parasitic twin (the italian conjoined twins who toured freak shows in 17th century europe)

(="ppl">Daston ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> a case study of) the changing ="trms">relationship between popular ='and'>& learned culture

legal status of ="trms">monsters
infanticide in antiquity


earlier tradition of ="trms">interest in ="trms">monster='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•="ppl">Aristotle ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> Albertus Magnus
="lsts lst1">•divine sign ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> Cicero, ="ppl">Augustine, Isidore of Sevill
="lsts lst1">•="trms">cosmographical ='and'>& ="trms">anthropologic ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> Solinus

="large lg3" stl="font-size:112%">
="trms">monsters in a context of a whole ="trms">natural ="trms">phenomen (="trms">bestiary)='lgc'>:
earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions, celestial apparitions, strange rains (of blood), stones, and miscellanea

(="trms">monsters ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> shift from) signs of God's wrat ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> signs of ="trms">nature's fertility
(by the end of 17th century) ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> comparative anatomy and embryology (teratology)
(from) اعجوبه prodigy ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> examples of medical pathology

='strcls'>*peasant and professional had participated to a significant extent in a shared culture of intellectual and ="trms">religious ="trms">interest='strcls'>* ='lgc'>--='not'>✕='lgc'>='lgc'>-->='lgc'>{
(="trms">literate culture evolved far more rapidly ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> sharpening of ="trms">social boundaries of)
city dwellers ='lgc'>=/= peasants
="trms"nttrm="disturban">urban ="trms">literate elite ='lgc'>=/= unlettered day laboure
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> for the educated layman='lgc'>: (="trms">religious as="trms">sociations of) ="trms">monsters='lgc'> = another manifestation of popular ignorance and superstition ='lgc'>--fostering='lgc'>='lgc'>--> uncritical ="trms">wonder ='lgc'>=/= sober investigation of ="trms">natural cause

="large lg4" stl="font-size:112%">
prodigy ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> contrary to ="trms">nature ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> attributable directly to God (divine displeasure)
="prgrph">-the sunne shal suddenly shine againe in the night, and the moone thre times a day. blood shal drop out of the wood, and the stone shal give his voyce ='lgc'>[...='lgc'>] There shalbe a confusion in many places, and the fyre shal oft breake forthe, and the ="trms">wilde ="trms">beastes shal change their places, and menstruous women shal beare ="trms">monstres='lgc'>[...='lgc'>]

="lsts lst1">•="trms">monstrum='lgc'> = prodigium ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> ="trms">monstrat ='lgc'>[="trms">monstro='lgc'>: i ="trms">wonder ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> i indict ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> i teach, de="trms">monstrate='lgc'>]='lgc'> = god's will
="lsts lst1">•apocalyptic as="trms">sociation ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">world reformation, the overthrow of the wicked ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> vindication of god's elect

(="trms">bestiaries were a lot commentaries)

various bestial parts...

="large lg5" stl="font-size:111%"> bestial vices and errors (of...)

ephemeral ="trms">literature
displayed and re="trms">cited publicly
characteristically illustrated
appeal through spoken word ='and'>& image to the il="trms">literate


="frds scrmbld">Pierre Boaistuau ='lgc'>[='lgc'><='lgc'>== Peucer, Lycosthenes, Swiss surgeon Jakob Rueff, ="trms">natura="trms"nttrm="listen,alist,ilist,llist,olist,ylist,ulist">list Konrad Gesner, ="frds scrmbld">Pierre Belon='lgc'>]
="trms">histoire tragique
="trms">histoire prodigieuse (="trms">monster ="trms">literature, ="trms">bestiary='qstn'>?)
="lsts lst1">•two-headed woman seen in Bavaria in 1541
="lsts lst1">•three-legged Siamese twins from 1552
="lsts lst1">•calf without forelegs reported in 1556
="lsts lst1">•celebrated mo[...]