[...]key to all kinds of norms (='lgc'>='lgc'>--> awe='lgc'> = ="trms">wonder ='lgc'>+ fear ='lgc'>+ respect)
(ancient ="trms">greek ="trms">cosmopolitan ="trms">traverler ethnographer) Herodotus's ="trms">fable of ‘custom is king of all’ ='lgc'><='lgc'>-- داریوش perian king Darius's ="trms">anthropological experiment='lgc'>: ="trms">Greeks won't eat their father's dead body, they burn it ='lgc'>=/= Indians won't burn their father's dead body, they eat it
="large lg2" stl="font-size:111%">
="lsts lst1">•chaos='lgc'>: ="trms">nature without order
="lsts lst1">•anarchy='lgc'>: ="trms">society without order
='lgc'>}='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">past is no guide to ="trms">present and future ='lgc'>: ='strcls'>*there are no regularities (of human promises or ="trms">natural cycles) to support either justice or knowl="trms"nttrm="knowledge,Knowledge">edge='strcls'>*
why duplicate the moral order with an analogical ="trms">natural order='qstn'>?
why turn to ="trms">nature for your raw ="trms">materials (to construct moral order for themselves)='qstn'>?
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ...
are we now in the ="trms">position to reclaim norms from ="trms">nature='qstn'>?
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> yes ='lgc'><='lgc'>== ="trms">nature exemplifies so many ="trms">different kinds of order='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•order of the stars and plant ='lgc'>=/= order of weather
="lsts lst1">•order of ="trms">specific ="trms">natures ='lgc'>=/= order of universal ="trms">natural laws
="lsts lst1">•order of local ="trms">ecologies ='lgc'>=/= order of ="trms">cosmological unities of gravitation
="lsts lst1">•
which ="trms">nature='qstn'>? ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> any order of ="trms">nature can be countered with examples of another order equally ="trms">natural ='lgc'>}='lgc'>--="ppl">Daston='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='lgc'>[='strcls'>*='lgc'>]="trms">nature='lgc'>: re="trms">pository (or wunderkammer) of all ="trms">imaginable orders='strcls'>****
terror ='lgc'>+ randomness ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> most effective weapon of ="trms">dictators (you never know when it strikes again)
="prgrph">-="trms">horror of ="ppl">Kafka's bureaucracy='lgc'>: negation of regularity, destruction of order, institutionalized anarchy
="prgrph">-one of the most dehumanizing experiences='lgc'>: being completely subject to the will of another (='lgc'>~ slavery) ='lgc'>[='lgc'>='lgc'>--> this is the most pleasurable experience in sex and sado masochism='lgc'>]
="lsts lst1">•="trms">nature never insults (its inhumanity)
="lsts lst1">•="trms">nature provides the raw ="trms">material for meaning ='lgc'><='lgc'>-- ='strcls'>*because we are ="trms">embodied organisms we must incarnate our orders='strcls'>* (='lgc'>~ we must find a way to display them to ourselves)
="lsts lst1">•="trms">animals can feel terror, but only humans can feel ="trms">horror='lgc'>: the emotion that registers a deep disruption of an order (no ="trms">matter what kind, a two-headed baby ='lgc'>[="trms">natural ="trms">monster='lgc'>] or a mother who kills her two babies ='lgc'>[moral ="trms">monster='lgc'>])
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='lgc'>[title='lgc'>]
itchy eyes
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16th and 17th centuries
times of extraordinary ="trms">religious, economic, and intellectual upheaval (Europe was deluged by novelties of all kinds='lgc'>: ="trms">birds of paradise, armadillos, anomalies='lgc'>: solar eclipse, comet, narwhal tusk, etc.)
(="ppl">Daston >) Bacon ='lgc'>[standing on an extremely unstable ="trms">scientific ground='lgc'>] used ="trms">monsters and marvels (as a ="trms">sort of intellectual hygiene) to jolt people out of their assumptions about the ="trms">natural ="trms">world
='lgc'>=/= Aristotelian ="trms">natural philosophy
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> anomaly took center ="trms">stage of ="trms">scientific explanations ='lgc'>='lgc'>~= art's investment in the exceptional
='lgc'>=='lgc'>=> curiosity becomes a virtue ='lgc'>=/= vice
="lsts lst1">•="trms">nature is allowed to ="trms">joke
="lsts lst1">•="trms">nature has the freedom to experiment ='lgc'>=/= God
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ended by='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•18th century's ='strcls'>*division of labor='strcls'>*
="lsts lst1">•19th century's ='strcls'>*institution of ="trms">science='strcls'>*
(two-headed cat's) deformations ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> terrifying ='lgc'>+ electrifying
='lgc'>[='strcls'>*='lgc'>]="trms">bestiary='lgc'> = Telegram media from God='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•sign of end
="lsts lst1">•sign of fecundity, creativity, variety of ="trms">nature
.../="trms">horror/="trms">wonder/="trms">horror/="trms">wonder/="trms">horror/="trms">wonder/...
“everyone was trafficking in marvels in the 17th century”
="ppl">Daston
... ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> pre="trms">modern sci ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> age of ="trms">wonder ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">modern ="trms">science ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ...
cabinets of curiosity
(="ppl">Daston's) chambers of ="trms">wonders
="lsts lst1">•to overwhelm you
="lsts lst1">•to impress the ambassador
for ="ppl">Aristotle, philosophy starts with ="trms">wonder, but you make it disappear as soon as possible (“="trms">wonder='lgc'> = sign of ignorance” of the unlettered and il="trms">literate)
genre of ="trms">natural ="trms">history involving the marvels of insects ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> domesticate the emotion of ="trms">wonder for things we can explain
="ppl">Daston ='lgc'>=/= (early 20th century) morose and elegiac discourse about the disenchantment of the ="trms">world
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pessimism ='lgc'>='lgc'>~= realism
(optimism ='lgc'>='lgc'>~= idealism)
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(to move from) eternal truths ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> eternal archives
(an ="trms">aesthetic='lgc'>:) archival monuments
despite computer's hype and undeniable capacity and flexibility of computerize ="trms">databases, the practices of collecting, inventorying, describing, image-making, collating, and publishing have remaining stable since the monumental projects of 19th century: corpus inscriptionum latinarum, carte du ciel, botanical gar="trms">dens, etc. ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> archival projects
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popular and learned ="trms">interest in ="trms">monsters
(in the 16th century ='and'>& 17th century Baconian ="trms">scientific programm='lgc'>:) treatments of ="trms">nature and ="trms">natural ="trms">history must have in="trms"nttrm="cluster,club">cluded (with ="trms"nttrm="righ,rigo,riga,rigi,trig,rign">rigorous selection) ="trms">monsters (='lgc'>~ aberrations in the ="trms">natural order='lgc'>: new, rare, and unusual ="trms">nature, both exotic ='and'>& domestic)
='lgc'>[='strcls'>*='lgc'>]="trms">nature='lgc'>: an ingenious ="trms">craftsman ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='lgc'>[='strcls'>*='lgc'>]="trms">monster='lgc'>: ="trms">nature's most artful work (='lgc'>='lgc'>--> they bridged the ="trms">natural ='and'>& the artificial)
="lsts lst1">•cor="trms">responded to the activities of ="trms">nature ='lgc'>=/= types of subject ="trms">matter, ="trms">methods of investigation
="lsts lst1">•="trms">interest in irregularities (='lgc'>=/= end of 17th century ="trms">interest in ="trms">nature's uniformity and order)
="lsts lst1">•
="large lg22" stl="font-size:129%">
Lazarus exhibition, the parasitic twin (the italian conjoined twins who toured freak shows in 17th century europe)
(="ppl">Daston ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> a case study of) the changing ="trms">relationship between popular ='and'>& learned culture
legal status of ="trms">monsters
infanticide in antiquity
="large lg10" stl="font-size:128%">
earlier tradition of ="trms">interest in ="trms">monster='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•="ppl">Aristotle ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> Albertus Magnus
="lsts lst1">•divine sign ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> Cicero, ="ppl">Augustine, Isidore of Sevill
="lsts lst1">•="trms">cosmographical ='and'>& ="trms">anthropologic ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> Solinus
="trms">monsters in a context of a whole ="trms">natural ="trms">phenomen (="trms">bestiary)='lgc'>:
earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions, celestial apparitions, strange rains (of blood), stones, and miscellanea
(="trms">monsters ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> shift from) signs of God's wrat ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> signs of ="trms">nature's fertility
(by the end of 17th century) ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> comparative anatomy and embryology (teratology)
(from) اعجوبه prodigy ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> examples of medical pathology
='strcls'>*peasant and professional had participated to a significant extent in a shared culture of intellectual and ="trms">religious ="trms">interest='strcls'>* ='lgc'>--='not'>✕='lgc'>='lgc'>-->='lgc'>{
(="trms">literate culture evolved far more rapidly ='lgc'>=='lgc'>=> sharpening of ="trms">social boundaries of)
city dwellers ='lgc'>=/= peasants
="trms"nttrm="disturban">urban ="trms">literate elite ='lgc'>=/= unlettered day laboure
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> for the educated layman='lgc'>: (="trms">religious as="trms">sociations of) ="trms">monsters='lgc'> = another manifestation of popular ignorance and superstition ='lgc'>--fostering='lgc'>='lgc'>--> uncritical ="trms">wonder ='lgc'>=/= sober investigation of ="trms">natural cause
prodigy ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> contrary to ="trms">nature ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> attributable directly to God (divine displeasure)
="prgrph">-the sunne shal suddenly shine againe in the night, and the moone thre times a day. blood shal drop out of the wood, and the stone shal give his voyce ='lgc'>[...='lgc'>] There shalbe a confusion in many places, and the fyre shal oft breake forthe, and the ="trms">wilde ="trms">beastes shal change their places, and menstruous women shal beare ="trms">monstres='lgc'>[...='lgc'>]
="lsts lst1">•="trms">monstrum='lgc'> = prodigium ='lgc'>=='lgc'>=> ="trms">monstrat ='lgc'>[="trms">monstro='lgc'>: i ="trms">wonder ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> i indict ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> i teach, de="trms">monstrate='lgc'>]='lgc'> = god's will
="lsts lst1">•apocalyptic as="trms">sociation ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">world reformation, the overthrow of the wicked ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> vindication of god's elect
(="trms">bestiaries were a lot commentaries)
various bestial parts...
bestial vices and errors (of...)
ephemeral ="trms">literature
displayed and re="trms">cited publicly
characteristically illustrated
appeal through spoken word ='and'>& image to the il="trms">literate
="frds scrmbld">Pierre Boaistuau ='lgc'>[='lgc'><='lgc'>== Peucer, Lycosthenes, Swiss surgeon Jakob Rueff, ="trms">natura="trms"nttrm="listen,alist,ilist,llist,olist,ylist,ulist">list Konrad Gesner, ="frds scrmbld">Pierre Belon='lgc'>]
="trms">histoire tragique
="trms">histoire prodigieuse (="trms">monster ="trms">literature, ="trms">bestiary='qstn'>?)
="lsts lst1">•two-headed woman seen in Bavaria in 1541
="lsts lst1">•three-legged Siamese twins from 1552
="lsts lst1">•calf without forelegs reported in 1556
="lsts lst1">•celebrated ="trms">monster of Cracow
="lsts lst1">•
ghoulish tone, ="trms">religious didacticism, erudite آموزنده, ="trms">monsters as polemical weapons
“="trms">nature's ="trms">wonder='qstn'>?” ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> to “discovre the secret judgment and scourge of the ire of God”
The Scripture sayth, before the ende
Of all thinges shall appeare,
God will wounders straunge thinges send,
As some is sene this yeare.
The selye infantes, voyde of shape,
The calues and pygges so straunge,
With other mo of suche mishape,
Declareth this ="trms">worldes chaunge.
...="trms">monsters began to lose their ="trms">religious resonance
it was unlawful to “delight” in the undesirable
portentous meaning of ="trms">monster
(from) fear ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> delight
(from) prodigy ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">wonder
(from) sermon ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> table-talk
(from) horrible, terrible, effrayable, espouventable ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> strange, ="trms">wonderful, mer="trms">veilleux (marvelous جالب)
(from) final cause ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> proximate cause (physical explanations and the ="trms">natural order)
='lgc'>}='lgc'>=='lgc'>=> ="trms">nature began to assume the role of an autonomous entity with a will (and sense of humour of her own) ='lgc'>='lgc'>~='lgc'>~> ="trms">natural ="trms">wonder
="trms">wonder ="trms">literature (='lgc'>[lavishly illustrated ="trms">bestiary, ="trms">cosmography, ="trms">travel ="trms">literature, geological curiosa, herbal and astrological lore,='lgc'>] of later 16th and 17th century ="ppl">Daston) ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> secularization of an ="trms">interest in (="trms">monsters as) prodigies
='lgc'>--part-of='lgc'>='lgc'>--> the great body of common culture
='lgc'>--af="trms">finity='lgc'>='lgc'>--> popular 16th century genre of diverses lefons (selections from famous ="trms">authors)
catalogues of strange instances or hidden properties of ="trms">animals, vegetables and mineral
(middle class culture in elizabethan england)
prodigies denuded of their super="trms">natural aura ='and'>& (="trms">presented) to surprise and entertain the ="trms"nttrm="already,spread">reader ='lgc'>=/= to acquaint the ="trms"nttrm="already,spread">reader with imminent apocalypse and judgeme
Certaine Secrete ="trms">Wonders of ="trms">Nature
portentous events بد شگون
(cro="trms">codiles) to be granted honorary ="trms">monstrous status by virtue of their rarit
many will ="trms"nttrm="already,spread">reade them ='lgc'>[="trms">monsters='lgc'>], heare them and haue profit by them, that otherwise whould neuer haue knowen them. For many (I ="trms">suppose) will buye this ="trms">Booke for the things whereto they are ="trms">affectioned, that neuer coulde or would have bought, or looked on the ="trms">bookes, wherein all they are. -Lupton
common and popular forms of escapist ="trms">literature='lgc'>: ='strcls'>*="trms">travel ="trms">books='strcls'>* and ='strcls'>*chivalric romanc='strcls'>*
(='lgc'>='lgc'>--> don Quixote)
="trms">monstrous races (men with a single giant foot, or huge ears, or their faces on their chests, giants and dwarfs)
medically oriented ="trms">monster ="trms">literature
='lgc'>[="ppl">Daston:='lgc'>] Pare was forced to eliminate a section on lesbianism, with a graphic description of the female genitals, before in="trms"nttrm="cluster,club">cluding Des ="trms">monstres in later editions of his collected work
A Helpe to ="trms">Memorie and Discourse (of ="trms">Wonders, Foreign and Domestic)
='strcls'>*the passages and occurrences of the ="trms">world='strcls'>* ='at'>#="nms">ajayeb
="lsts lst1">•the creatures thereof
="lsts lst1">•the casualties therein
little-known properties of... (wine and water, fish, dogs, cuckolds, hunchbacks and ="trms">monsters)
popular ignorance
solitary efforts of the professional scholar
culture of the educated layman (lawyer, businessman, government official, and their wives and daughters)
='lgc'>[change in sensibility (&-='lgc'>=>='qstn'>? change in ="trms">interpretation)='lgc'>]
beginning of the withdrawal of the educated classes from more popular culture
='at'>@="frds scrmbld"nttrm="Godard">Goda
="large lg26" stl="font-size:116%">
="trms">monsters (familiar canon of prodigies) became a subject of great ="trms">fashion and not vulgar
(="ppl">Daston tracing how) “in the ="trms">wonder ="trms">literature, then, ="trms">monsters='lgc'>--along with the rest of the canon of prodigies='lgc'>--began to cast off their ="trms">religious as="trms">sociations. this trend was accompanied by a movement to emphasize ="trms">natural causes over super="trms">natural ones.”
Pare re="trms">presented ='lgc'>[the causes of ="trms">monstrous births='lgc'>] an elaboration on the ="trms">natural explanations offered by ="ppl">Aristotle and ="trms">writers in the Aristotelian tradition (too much or too little seed, maternal ="trms">imagination, a narrow womb, a traumatic pregnancy, hereditary disease, bestiality and so on) ='lgc'>+ a new ="trms">causal ="trms">category='lgc'>: artifice (to in="trms"nttrm="cluster,club">clude fakes and ="trms">children mutilated by their parents to enhance their take as beggars)
shift in ='strcls'>*="trms">causal thinking='strcls'>* ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> (expanded the power of) maternal ="trms">imagination covering eventuality ='lgc'>=='lgc'>=> a new way of talking about ="trms">nature
='lgc'>{(from) in the prodigy ="trms">literature ="trms">nature was effectively transparent (a ="trms">veil through which God's purposes could be discerned)='lgc'>}='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">nature gained a new autonomy ( fertility of invention ='lgc'>=/= wrath) ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='strcls'>*="trms">nature personified='strcls'>* (the artisan) ='lgc'>[Pare='lgc'>: “chambermaid to our great God"='lgc'>], ="trms">monsters were treated as ="trms">jokes or “sports” (lusus) of a personified ="trms">nature
transcorporeal fields of sensoriality ='lgc'>=/= boundedness of isolated bodies and things
non="trms">anthropocentric ="trms">zoological studies
Bacon's (tripartite division of) ="trms">natural ="trms">history='lgc'>:
="lstsrd">1. ='strcls'>*="trms">natural='lgc'>: the study of ="trms">nature “in course”, or ="trms">natural ="trms">history
="lstsrd">2. ='strcls'>*preter="trms">natural='lgc'>: the study of ="trms">nature “erring”, or the “="trms">history of marvels” ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> a coherent ="trms">category (='lgc'>=/= miscellaneous collection of ="trms">phenomen)
="lstsrd">3. ='strcls'>*artificial='lgc'>: the study of ="trms">nature “wrought, or the ="trms">history of arts
="trms">nature's aberrations for the finest examples of her workmanship
="trms">nature imagery of the ="trms">wonder ="trms">book
renaissance thought ='lgc'>='lgc'>-->='lgc'>{ (antithesis of) art ='lgc'>=/= ="trms">nature ='lgc'>}='lgc'>='lgc'>--> art may aid, imitate, modify or surpass ="trms">nature
='lgc'>--='not'>✕='lgc'>='lgc'>--> Bacon='lgc'>: art (formal and final causes) should become more ="trms">natural ='and'>& ="trms">nature (="trms">material and efficient causes) should be made more artificial ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">monster='lgc'>: ="trms">nature's artificial work
="lsts lst1">•="trms">nature in extremis ='lgc'>=/= conventional wisdom
="lsts lst1">•="trms">monsters='lgc'>: models for the novelties of art
='lgc'>--Bacon='lgc'>='lgc'>--> enrichment of both speculative and operative ="trms">natural philosophy (='lgc'>=/= ="trms">books of ="trms">fabulous experiments and secrets)
='strcls'>**="trms">wonder ="trms">literature sacrificed accuracy to admiration='strcls'>**
corroboration
xxxxxx
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="large lg18" stl="font-size:127%">
to take echoing abstractions (reason, ="trms">nature, etc.) and try to cash them out in concrete practices
(transformation of) extremely abstract ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> extremely concrete
="prgrph">-why is it so irresistible to reach analogies between the moral and the ="trms">natural orders='qstn'>?
other orders of ="trms">nature ='lgc'>[='strcls'>**every order of ="trms">nature sustains a moral order='strcls'>**='lgc'>]='lgc'>:
="lstsrd">1. local ="trms">nature (what happens when we scale up)
="lstsrd">2. ="trms">ontological identity card (what makes a squirrels)
="lstsrd">3. universal ="trms">natural laws
aggregation of these forms of orders ='lgc'>]='strcls'>**each provokes a characteristic cognitive passion='strcls'>** ='lgc'>: they involve judgment ='lgc'>+ emotional reaction to its transgressions='lgc'>]='lgc'>:
="lstsrd">1. disequilibria (='lgc'>='lgc'>--> terror='lgc'>: fear saturated by guilt) ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> local ="trms">nature
="lstsrd">2. ="trms">monsters (='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">horror) ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">specific ="trms">nature
="lstsrd">3. marvels and miracles (='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">wonder) ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">natural laws
='lgc'>[(a very recently) forceful kind of='lgc'>] argument to anchor moral or political order in a ="trms">natural foundation
='lgc'>--="ppl">Daston='lgc'>='lgc'>--> we are ="trms">species that re="trms">present (='strcls'>**we must model our orders='strcls'>** ='lgc'>: to make visible ='and'>& external) ='lgc'>--='lgc'>{with an appeal to a ="trms">natural analog='lgc'>}='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='strcls'>*="trms">nature='lgc'>: the richest source of models of all kind of orders
='lgc'>[!!!today task of artist:='lgc'>] ='strcls'>***to give back humanity its ="trms">childhood='strcls'>*** (that was lost in the age of objectivity) ='at'>@="frds">Sina, ="frds scrmbld">Sarah
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Schutz
="trms">social ="trms">nature of knowl="trms"nttrm="knowledge,Knowledge">edge
how people grasp the consciousness of others while living within their own streams of consciousness
absent friends='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•his brother whom he has described to me
="lsts lst1">•the professor whose ="trms">books i have ="trms"nttrm="already,spread">read
="lsts lst1">•the postal clerk
="lsts lst1">•the Canadian Parliament
="lsts lst1">•abstract entities like Canada herself
="lsts lst1">•the rules of English grammar
="lsts lst1">•the basic principles of jurisprudence
="lsts lst1">•
='lgc'>--Schutz='lgc'>='lgc'>--> more one goes into the contemporary ="trms">world, the more anonymous the contemporary inhabitants become
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="trms">wonder
and its marvels
(Paris wall slogan from the student rebellion of 1968 ='lgc'>='lgc'>-->) “every view of things that is not strange (bizarre, foreign) is false” ='lgc'>--="ppl">Bynum='lgc'>='lgc'>--> to jolt her ="trms"nttrm="listen,alist,ilist,llist,olist,ylist,ulist">listeners nad ="trms"nttrm="already,spread">readers into encounter with a ="trms">past that is unexpected and strange
="trms">past ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> answer ="trms">questions we haven't asked
="prgrph">-could “="trms">wonder” be the special characteristic of the ="trms">historian='qstn'>?
="trms">wonder ='and'>& marvels ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> a medieva="trms"nttrm="listen,alist,ilist,llist,olist,ylist,ulist">list's topic
="ppl">Bynum re="trms">present a rearguard action to claim back from early ="trms">modernists the irrational and grotesque and to “re-enchant” (if not the ="trms">world, at least) the ="trms">historical professional
="lstsrd">1180-1320
a great increase in ="trms">stories of marvels, ="trms">monsters, miracles, ghosts
medieval europe awash in ="trms">wonders
='strcls'>*the circumstances under which medieval men and women felt ="trms">wonder='strcls'>*
="lsts lst1">•="trms">wonder-talk
="lsts lst1">•="trms">wonder-behavior ='lgc'>[='lgc'>=='lgc'>=>='qstn'>? empowering them='lgc'>]
="lsts lst1">•the ='strcls'>*web of actual ="trms">horror ='and'>& delight='strcls'>* we can decipher in medieval texts (and on in="trms">stagram, telegram, whatsapp) (='lgc'>=/= ='thdf'>the idea of “knowing='lgc'> = appropriating” ='lgc'>=='lgc'>=> knowing is impossible)
medieval theorist ='lgc'>[& my ="trms">bestiary research='lgc'>] ='lgc'>--="ppl">Bynum='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">wonder='lgc'>: (admiratio) cognitive, nonappropriative, perspectival, particular, (not merely a) physiological ="trms">response
='lgc'>[='strcls'>*='lgc'>]="trms">wonder='lgc'>: recognition of the singularity and significance of the thing encountered
‘thing ='lgc'>=/= knower’ (in a context ='lgc'>+ from a particular point of view) ='lgc'>==t="trms"nttrm="righ,rigo,riga,rigi,trig,rign">rigger='lgc'>=='lgc'>=> ="trms">wonder
telegram ="trms">bestiary ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> capacity to be shocked by the singularity of the event (='lgc'>==="frds">Sina='lgc'>=='lgc'>=> search for significance ='lgc'>='lgc'>~/= cause, explanation)
scholarship on (early ="trms">modern age of) ="trms">wonder
="lstsrd">1- enthusiasm for ="trms">wonders='lgc'> = ='strcls'>*expropriative ='and'>& appropriative='strcls'>* (ضبط و سلب) ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='strcls'>*orientalism='lgc'>: projection of self or construction of “other” as self ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> the rape of the New ="trms">World seems implicit in ="trms">wonder at it
(early ="trms">modern europe) impulse to ='strcls'>*collect ='and'>& explore='strcls'>*='lgc'>:
="lsts lst2">◦collection of narwal horns and jewels, deformed fetuses and human captives (made by rulers, ="trms">missionaries, and ="trms">natura="trms"nttrm="listen,alist,ilist,llist,olist,ylist,ulist">list)
="lsts lst2">◦o="trms"nttrm="righ,rigo,riga,rigi,trig,rign">rigins of museums in the wunderkammer (="trms">wonder cabinet)
="lsts lst2">◦voyages to the New ="trms">World with their attendant goals of ='strcls'>*conquering ='and'>& ="trms">missionizing='strcls'>* (='lgc'>=/= ="nms">Sinbad)
="lsts lst2">◦use of inquisitors and ="trms">questionnaires by government to assemble information for juridical ='strcls'>*processings ='and'>& taxation='strcls'>*
="lsts lst2">◦Columbus's “desire to know the secrets of the ="trms">world” (glossed with) Jode de Acosta's praise of proselytizing curiosity
="lstsrd">2- ="ppl">Aristotle's ="trms">="trms"nttrm="metaph,metamorph,metabol,metal">Metaphysics='lgc'>: “="trms">wonder='lgc'> = ignorance and doubt” ='lgc'>{ desire to seek causes (it did not understand) ='lgc'>==arose='lgc'>=='lgc'>=> ="trms">wonder (admiratio) ='lgc'>=='lgc'>=> replacement by knowl="trms"nttrm="knowledge,Knowledge">edge (="trms">scientia or philosophia) ='lgc'>}='lgc'>='lgc'>--> miracula (marvel='lgc'>: ="trms">natural effects we fail to understand) ='lgc'>=/= mirabilia (unusual and difficult events ='lgc'>[produced by God='lgc'>])
="lstsrd">3- ="ppl">Descartes’ ="trms">wonder='lgc'>: (first of all passions) a sudden surprise of the soul ='lgc'>=='lgc'>=> tend to consider attentively those objects (which seem to it rare and extraordinary)
="lsts lst2">◦='strcls'>*begining of the tendency to reduce emotion to physiology='strcls'>*
="lsts lst2">◦Charles Le Brun's drawings of the passions
="lsts lst2">◦="ppl">Darwin's ="trms">wonder='lgc'>: a reaction ='lgc'>=='lgc'>=> making the ="trms">animal see and breathe better in crisis ='lgc'>=='lgc'>=> increased its chances of survival (...raised eyebrows, opened and protruding lips, a hand held up, palm out with fingers open)
="lsts lst2">◦early ="trms">modern physiology ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">wonder='lgc'>: (='lgc'>~ startled ="trms">response,) paradigmatic emotion
="lstsrd">4- (the horrible) philosophical understanding of ="trms">wonder='lgc'>: ignorance rationalized or erased by knowl="trms"nttrm="knowledge,Knowledge">edge
a ="trms">wondering desire that collects and appropriates what it endeavors to know or project its self ="trms">onto an ="trms">imagined other ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> a passion that reduces to a startle ="trms">response at the unfamiliar
='lgc'>}='lgc'>=/= ="trms">historian (and teacher ='lgc'>[and performance-="trms">lecturer='lgc'>]) vacation (or ="trms">responsibility) ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> (we must aspire to) ="trms">imagine the kind of nonappropriative perspectival ='strcls'>*intensely cognitive='strcls'>* ="trms">response
middle ages (how they characterize their ="trms">difference='lgc'>:)
="lstsrd">1. theological-philosophical understanding of ="trms">wonder ='lgc'><='lgc'>== university intellectuals ='lgc'>{
="lsts lst2">◦admiratio ='lgc'>=/= ="trms">scientia ='lgc'>=='lgc'>=> knowl="trms"nttrm="knowledge,Knowledge">edge
="lsts lst2">◦admiratio ='lgc'>='lgc'>~= diversitas (diversity) ='lgc'>=/= solitum (the usual, the general)
="lstsrd">2. ="trms">religious discourse about ="trms">wonder ='lgc'><='lgc'>-- sermons, hagiography, devotional ="trms">writing, enormously popular genre of ='strcls'>*saint's lives='strcls'>* (tazkirat تذکره نویسی) ='lgc'>{
="lsts lst2">◦admiratio ='lgc'>=/= imitatio (imitation جعلى) ='lgc'>[the ="trms"nttrm="already,spread">readers were urged to ="trms">wonder at and not immitate the power and extravagant asceticism of holy men and women (in ="ppl">Attar='qstn'>?)='lgc'>]
="lsts lst3">◾admiratio ='lgc'>='lgc'>~= paradox (coincidence of op="trms">posites) ='lgc'>[one finds mira (wondrous) again and again in the texts alongside mixta (mixed, com="trms">posite things, ="trms">chimera)='lgc'>]
="lsts lst2">◦admiratio ='lgc'>='lgc'>~/= curiositas (curiosity کنجکاوی)
="lsts lst2">◦admiratio ='lgc'>='lgc'>~/= disputatio (disputatiousness ستيزه جويى)
="lstsrd">3. ="trms">literature of entertainment='lgc'>: ="trms">travel accounts, ="trms">history ="trms">writing, collection of odd ="trms">stories called by one ="trms">author
="lsts lst2">◦admirari (to ="trms">wonder at) ='lgc'>=/= rimari (to pay into)
="lsts lst2">◦(collected ="trms">stories ='lgc'>=='lgc'>=> amuse, ="trms">instruct, move their aristocratic ="trms"nttrm="listen,alist,ilist,llist,olist,ylist,ulist">listeners ='lgc'>='lgc'>-->) ="trms">wonder ='lgc'>=/= inductio exemplorum (="trms">generalizing)
12th 14th centuries
(twin ="trms">authorities for middle ages) ="ppl">Aristotle ='lgc'>+ ="ppl">Augustine ='lgc'>=='lgc'>=> tradition of understanding ="trms">wonder as perspectival ='and'>& psychological ='lgc'>=='lgc'>=> theological-philosophical discourse
="lsts lst1">•="ppl">Augustine='lgc'>: marvel ='lgc'>=/= what we know of ="trms">nature (='lgc'>=/= ="trms">nature) ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='strcls'>*lodge the ="trms">wonderful-ness of things (not in our reaction to them but) in their ="trms">ontological status='strcls'>*
="lsts lst1">•Anselm of Canterbury='lgc'>: marvelous ='lgc'>=/= ="trms">natural ='lgc'>=/= artificial (voluntary, made by humans)
='lgc'>}='lgc'>='lgc'>--> miracles are objectively ="trms">wonderful (because produced by God's power alone)
='lgc'>[1='lgc'>]
early middle ages latin texts ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> mirabilia (="trms">wonder) ='lgc'>='lgc'>~= miracula (miracle)
13th century ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> mirabilia (="trms">wonder) ='lgc'>=/= miracula (miracle) ='lgc'>==="trms">ontological='lgc'>=='lgc'>=> flatten the impulse to ="trms">wonder='lgc'>:
="lstsrd">1- (tends to) separate out (with hair-splitting distinction) a small number of ="trms">phenomena as objectively ="trms">wonder-inducing (='strcls'>*whereas all others no ="trms">matter how odd are ="trms">wonderful only to the ignorant='strcls'>*)
="lstsrd">2- (sug="trms">gests that) most events have ="trms">natural causes='lgc'>: ='strcls'>*if philosophers are diligent enough ='lgc'>=='lgc'>=> ="trms">wonder will cease='strcls'>* ='lgc'>[= Sherlock Holmes='lgc'>]
="lsts lst2">◦(1235) William of Augergne ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> people do not know how to go about investigating the cause ='lgc'>[='lgc'>='lgc'>--> detective='lgc'>]
="lsts lst2">◦(1325) ="ppl">="ppl">Oresme ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='strcls'>*vigorous ="trms">imagining of a retained ="trms">species ='lgc'>+ small external appearance ='lgc'>+ imbalance of some ="trms">internal dis="trms">position ='lgc'>=='lgc'>=> marvelous appearance='strcls'>* ='lgc'>[='lgc'>--='not'>✕='lgc'>='lgc'>--> himself was fascinated and enchanted by the “marvelous properties” of ="trms">animals and the ='strcls'>*diversitas of human experience='strcls'>* especially of tastes in ='strcls'>*food and in sexual ="trms">positions and partners='strcls'>*='lgc'>]
="lsts lst2">◦a 13th century treatise “on the marvels of the ="trms">world” (Qazwini='qstn'>?) ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> a great part of philosophers and physicians believe that='lgc'>: ="trms">natural things ='lgc'>=='lgc'>=> marvellousness of experiences and marvels
="lsts lst2">◦Roger Bacon ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">natura="trms"nttrm="listen,alist,ilist,llist,olist,ylist,ulist">listic explanation of saints who lived without eating... charms and amulets... ='strcls'>*waxed lyrical over the in="trms">finite complexity of the common fly='strcls'>* (='lgc'><='lgc'>-- is this what i did in telegram ="trms">bestiary='qstn'>?)
="lsts lst2">◦Albert the Great ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> physical manifestations of admiratio='lgc'> = "constriction and suspension of the heart” confronted with something “great and unusual”
="lsts lst2">◦Aquinas ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> connect ="trms">wonder with pleasure='lgc'> = a desire that culminates not so much in knowl="trms"nttrm="knowledge,Knowledge">edge as in encounter with ma="trms">jesty, ='strcls'>*="trms">wonder='lgc'>: the best way to grab the attention of the soul
="lsts lst2">◦
='lgc'>}='lgc'>--="ppl">Bynum='lgc'>='lgc'>--> distinguishing ‘miracle ='lgc'>=/= marvel’ ="trms">ontologically ='lgc'>=/= psychologically, perspectivally (or attributing marvels to ="trms">natural causes) ='lgc'>--='not'>✕='lgc'>='lgc'>--> eclipse of ="trms">wonder
="trms">wonder as a ="trms">response was not devalued or dismissed (even in a philosophical and theological tradition that de-="trms">wondered anomalies by insisting on an increasingly ordered ="trms">world, whose laws were decipherable by the wise)
='lgc'>[2='lgc'>]
in the discourse of the homiletic موعظه and hagiographical تاريخ انبياء (tazkirat) ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">wonder ='lgc'>=/= imitable قابل تقلید (='lgc'>--='not'>✕='lgc'>='lgc'>--> the known, the knowable, the usual)
“non imitandum sed adm="nms">irandum” (not to be immitated but to be marveled at)
heroes and martyrs ='lgc'>=/= ordinary faithful
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> (="ppl">Attar ='lgc'>[master of ="trms">rhetorics='lgc'>] in تذکرة الاولیا uses) a kind of ='strcls'>*humility topos='strcls'>* intended to express an ="trms">author's conviction that the miracle-working charisma of a saint was far beyond the capacity of ="trms">author and ="trms"nttrm="already,spread">reader alike (channel the attention of the faithful... towards the emulation of ordinary virtues='lgc'>: to control credulity ساده لوحی, extravagant asceticism, straining after flamboyant ="trms">religiosity)
='lgc'>}='lgc'>='lgc'>--> nonappropriative ="trms">nature of ="trms">wonder
Bernard of Clairvaux (medieval piety)
(="trms">rhetoric of) ="trms">wonder ='lgc'>=/= curiosity
praying to the affairs of others
praying to the secrets of the universe
="trms">wonderful deformed beauty (of Romanesque sculpture)
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='strcls'>****imitatio (جعل)='lgc'> = appropriation='lgc'> = being in ="trms">society with ='lgc'>[='lgc'>-='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='gtrw'>go to drawing ="trms">mimetics, ="trms">literal ="trms">CG 3D modeling='lgc'>], experiencing, learning, taking into oneself, ="trms">consuming='strcls'>****
“we, when we take the deeds ='lgc'>[of others='lgc'>] for imitation, ought to make the lofty things hidden and humble ones manifest” (like the shape of the seal='lgc'>: sculpted inward is appeared concave when printed) ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">mimesis
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='strcls'>*the encounter is made possible because an ="trms">ontological similarity to that other is built into the experiencing self='strcls'>*
golden goblet 🏆
we ="trms">consume, absorb, incorporate the drink (='lgc'>='lgc'>~= imitate the virtues) ='lgc'>=/= we give back (='lgc'>='lgc'>~= we ="trms">wonder at) the goblet, we ="trms">wonder at what we cannot in any sense incorporate, or ="trms">consume, or encompass in our mental ="trms">categories ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> we ="trms">wonder at mystery, at paradox, at admirabiles mixturae ='lgc'><='lgc'>==Bernard='lgc'>== three hybrids='lgc'>:
="lstsrd">1- mixture of God and man
="lstsrd">2- mixture of woman and virgin
="lstsrd">3- mixture of belief and falsity (in our hearts)
(="ppl">Attar seductively drawn to the ="trms">wonderful deformed beauty of saints of early sufism)
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='lgc'>[title='lgc'>]
failed exorcism
='lgc'>[3='lgc'>]
(="ppl">Bynum providing a) medieval theory of ="trms">wonder in the ='strcls'>*="trms">literature of enlightenment='strcls'>*='lgc'>:
="trms">history ="trms">writing
="trms">travel accounts
="trms">story collection
عجایبالمخلوقات ="nms">="nms">ajayebnameh='lgc'>: the encyclopedic tradition of the ancient ="trms">world known as ='strcls'>*paradoxology='lgc'>: collection of oddities (="trms">monsters, hybrids, distant races, marvelous lands, ='lgc'>[telegram ="trms">beasts, in="trms">stagram ="trms">animals='lgc'>]) ='lgc'>+ antique notions of portents or omen='lgc'>: unusual events that foreshadowed the (usually catastrophic) future ='lgc'>+ accompanied by a vague sense of d="trms"nttrm="already,spread">read ='lgc'>[it gives you goosebumps='lgc'>]
='lgc'>+ (="frds scrmbld">Ehsan master of) ='lgc'>[='strcls'>*='lgc'>]="trms">fabulae='lgc'>: (="trms">story) told without claims to their ="trms">ontological status ='lgc'>=/= ="trms">historia
='lgc'>}='lgc'>=='lgc'>=> theory of ="trms">wonder='lgc'>: ='lgc'>[='at'>@="nms">apass='lgc'>]
="lstsrd">1. ='strcls'>*="trms">response to facticity='strcls'>*
="lstsrd">2. ='strcls'>*="trms">response to the singular='strcls'>*
="lstsrd">3. ='strcls'>*is deeply perspectival='strcls'>*
="lsts lst1">•William of Newburgh ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> (some ="trms">sort of) probatio (testing, evidence) ='lgc'>--base='lgc'>='lgc'>--> rimari (probe, pry into فضولی، با اهرم بلند کردن) ='lgc'>=/= admirari (to ="trms">wonder at)
="lsts lst1">•Gervais of Tilbury ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> facts ='lgc'>==induce='lgc'>=='lgc'>=> marvel ='lgc'>='lgc'>~= res ="trms">gestae (deeds or ="trms">historical accounts) ='lgc'>=/= ="trms">stories (="trms">fabulae, lies) ='lgc'>[='lgc'>='lgc'>~= ='strcls'>*you cannot be amazed by what you don't believe='strcls'>* (="trms">stories of ghosts, vampires, migration of quail, flight of squirrels, etc.)='lgc'>]
="lsts lst1">•John of Salisbury ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='strcls'>*marvellous singularity='strcls'>* (collection of advice for courtiers and princes) ='lgc'>~ ="trms">wonder='lgc'>: ="trms">response to ma="trms">jesty (hidden wisdom, significance) ='lgc'>=/= ="trms">generalizing='lgc'> = moralizing (inductio exemplorum, citing of ="trms">instructive general causes ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> forensic)
="lsts lst1">•
credible deeply unusual singular event ='lgc'>=='lgc'>=> admiratio
='lgc'>[='strcls'>*='lgc'>]perspectival='lgc'>: reaction of a particular “us” to an “other” that is “other” only relative to the particular “us” (='lgc'><='lgc'>-- ='thdf'>this is why ="nms">="nms">ajayebnameh is ="trms">interesting)
="lsts lst1">•James of Vitry ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='strcls'>***cyclopses who all have one eye marvel as much at those who have two eyes as we marvel at them='strcls'>*** (1200)
="lsts lst1">•Gosswin of Metz ='and'>& John Mandeville ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> turning such perspectivalism into gently ironic comments on themselves
="lsts lst1">•William of Rubruck ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> barefoot ="trms">travel through harsh terrain and climate required by Franciscan asceticism seems as ="trms">monstrous a practice in the East as certain Eastern customs appear when reported “back home”
="lsts lst1">•
='strcls'>**(how='qstn'>? can we simply='qstn'>?) study medieval emotion='strcls'>** ='lgc'>=/= ="trms">wonder stated by ="trms">historians, ="trms">travelers, theologians, philosophers, preachers, devotional ="trms">writers
='strcls'>*traces of emotion='strcls'>* that survive are mediated through texts, pictures, artifacts ='lgc'>--="ppl">Bynum='lgc'>='lgc'>--> we are not entitled either to assume a ="trms">sort of ="ppl">Darwinian universal emotion, or to think that emotion-behavior is culturally constructed (as to exist only where we find words for it)
='strcls'>***texts may give us access to reactions less through adjectives attached to nouns='strcls'>*** (by calling something “="trms">wonderful” or “d="trms"nttrm="already,spread">readful” ='lgc'>=/= indicating the ="trms">responses of an implicit ="trms"nttrm="already,spread">reader/viewer)
="lsts lst1">•a keyword search for “="trms"nttrm="danger,stranger">anger” will tend to turn up set pieces on how to control it ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> discussions of where it is not
="lsts lst1">•reactions such as ="trms">wonder, delight, or terror (do not simply occur) they are ='strcls'>*evoked='strcls'>*, sometimes even ='strcls'>*="trms">staged='strcls'>* ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> we can explore what evoked them
finding ="trms">wonder-words ='lgc'>=/= finding ="trms">wonder (complex semantic field)
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="trms">wonder-reaction='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•terror
="lsts lst1">•disgust
="lsts lst1">•solemn astonishment
="lsts lst1">•playful delight
in medieval accounts ="trms">wonder often has='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•a mischievous quality
Bernard of Clairvaux ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> spice of ="trms">stories
11th century ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> (naughtily) impish girl saint ="trms">jokes
="frds scrmbld">Gerald of Wales ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">nature's pranks
='lgc'>}='lgc'>='lgc'>--> moralizing ="trms">bestiary tradition (taking more pleasure in the ="trms">animal tales than in theology)
analogies between ="trms">animals and humans are anything but solemn and didactic
="lsts lst1">•a d="trms"nttrm="already,spread">readful quality
(="ppl">Attar's accounts of saint torture)
="frds scrmbld">Gerald of Wales ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> recounting some of the earliest warewold ="trms">stories to survive in european ="trms">literature, he glosses the admiratio felt by those inside the ="trms">story as stupor خرفتی, timor بیم, ="trms">horror خوف
="lsts lst2">◦shape-shifting violating ="trms">nature
="lsts lst2">◦tales of ="trms"nttrm="metaph,metamorph,metabol,metal">meta="trms">morphoses ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> the real change of substance in the eucharist عشاربانى ='lgc'>+ the terrifying possibility that sexual ="trms">intercourse between humans and ="trms">animals might produce ="trms">monsters
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(="ppl">Bynum asking) what in medieval accounts or artistic re="trms">presentations tends to t="trms"nttrm="righ,rigo,riga,rigi,trig,rign">rigger ="trms">wonder='qstn'>? ='strcls'>*where do the surviving source give us access either to intensely heightened reactions or to events and objects calculated to evoke or ="trms">stage such reactions='qstn'>?='strcls'>*
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> where ="trms">wonder is not='qstn'>?
(didactic purposes of) miracle collections
='strcls'>*hovering significance='strcls'>* (of unusual ="trms">natural events='lgc'>: eclipse, earthquakes, famines) ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> sometimes ="trms"nttrm="listen,alist,ilist,llist,olist,ylist,ulist">listed as clipped ="trms">matter-of-fact prose
William Auvergne ='lgc'>+ ="ppl">="ppl">Oresme ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">natural causes can be found for marvels tend to flatten the ="trms">language of some accounts of ="trms">natural ="trms">world as well
='lgc'>}='lgc'>=='lgc'>=> miracles, portents فال بد, oddities are sites and ="trms">stagings of ="trms">wonder less often than we might ="trms">suppose
12th - 14th century ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">narrative accounts tell us of objects and events carefully constructed to elicit awe, delight, d="trms"nttrm="already,spread">read
='strcls'>*rulers (secular ='lgc'>+ ecclesiastical) ='lgc'>--competed='lgc'>='lgc'>--> display of power and splender in="trms"nttrm="cluster,club">cluding tricks and automata ='lgc'>--calculated='lgc'>='lgc'>--> to amaze and tantalize='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•(13th century) خانه وحشت 🏰 evidence of a count of Artois who built an elaborate funhouse with distorting mirrors, rooms that simulated thunderstorms, hidden pipes for wetting unsuspecting visitors and covering them with flour
="lsts lst1">•puppet shows in ="trms">pastry (sotelties)
="lsts lst1">•food was often planned as an illusion or trick for the eye (='lgc'>-='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='gtrw'>go to in="trms">stagram cake baked in the shape of ordinary objects)
="lsts lst1">•changes in church architecture in liturgy (آئین نماز) ='lgc'>+ fabrication of ="trms">monstrances ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> define the moment in the Mass when ='strcls'>*the consecrated host (the devine installed in food or flesh or ="trms">matter) was elevated as a sudden revelation of the unexpected and paradoxical='strcls'>*
="lsts lst2">◦collection of relics and their ='strcls'>**elaborate containers='strcls'>** (reliquaries محفظه عتیقه) ='lgc'>[='lgc'>='lgc'>--> similarity and ="trms">historical connection to wunderkammer of early medieval princes='lgc'>]
="lsts lst1">•
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> theologians and many of the ordinary faithful continued ='strcls'>*to value the super="trms">natural power mediated through bone chips or dust='strcls'>* more than the intricate workmanship or sheer novelty of the container ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='strcls'>*object='lgc'> = a means of access to an other tham as a singularity fascinating in itself='strcls'>*
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='strcls'>*relic cabinets ='lgc'>='lgc'>~= cabinets of novelties='strcls'>*
='lgc'>}='lgc'>--underlying='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='strcls'>***impulse to collect='strcls'>***
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mirabile visu!
='strcls'>****(12th century) abbot Suger of St. Denis describes the crowd (more desperate to touch, possess, appropriate) that is frantic over access to a power not only ='strcls'>*beyond='strcls'>* but also in its ="trms">nature ='strcls'>*other than='strcls'>* what contains it
(God lodged in decayed body, manifested and hidden behind the crystal and gold)
="trms">narrative accounts not only described objects and events that were ="trms">staged or constructed to produce ="trms">wonder ='lgc'>+ they also ='strcls'>*teemed with complex ="trms">wonder-reactions='strcls'>*
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> hagiographer (="ppl">Attar's) detailed in emotional ="trms">sensual ="trms">language the extravagant asceticism and para-mystical manifestations holy women experienced ='lgc'>+ the amazement such manifestations engendered in others ='lgc'>{beauty was not merely referred to as ="trms">wonderful, ='strcls'>*it was also described in ="trms">loving and lyrical ="trms">language='strcls'>* as signaling a deeper pattern or purpose='lgc'>}
(old ="ppl">Augustinian idea that) the ="trms">world itself is a miracle ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> (homi="trms"nttrm="listen,alist,ilist,llist,olist,ylist,ulist">list Aelfric) wundra (marvels) of God
="lsts lst1">•it requires no sorcery that the moon waxes and wanes, that the sea agrees with it, that the earth greens in ="trms">response to its power 🌙
="lsts lst1">•(recounting the migration of salmon upstream to spawn) they leap from bottom to top with a leap that is marvellous, and except that is is proper to the ="trms">nature of fish, marvellous
سندباد ="nms">Sinbad
='lgc'>[fantastical='lgc'>] ="trms">travelers’ tales (recounted) the ='strcls'>*fearsome='strcls'>* and the ='strcls'>*ugly='strcls'>* ='lgc'>--as='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='strcls'>*="trms">wonderful='strcls'>*
to Marco Polo almost every ="trms">animal he met was a marvel (the horrible cro="trms">codile, beautiful giraffe) ='lgc'>[described with an earnest and urgent facticity ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="nms">ajayeb's tone='lgc'>]
in later middle ages (and in toda popular media) ='strcls'>*strangeness appealed='strcls'>* ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">stories abounded='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•of ="trms">fabulous palces
="lsts lst1">•of stones with marvellous powers
="lsts lst1">•of ="trms">monsters
="lsts lst1">•of mermaids
="lsts lst1">•of fairies
="lsts lst1">•of bizarre races with eyes in their chests or enormous umbrella feet
="lsts lst1">•Marco Polo's awkward and impoverished prose
="lsts lst1">•Mandeville's credulous tale-telling
="lsts lst1">•="nms">Sinbad='lgc'>: [...]