[...]thropologic ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> Solinus


="trms">monsters in a context of a whole ="trms">natural ="trms">phenomen (="trms">bestiary)='lgc'>:
earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions, celestial apparitions, strange rains (of blood), stones, and miscellanea

="large lg2" stl="font-size:110%"> (="trms">monsters ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> shift from) signs of God's wrat ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> signs of ="trms">nature's fertility
(by the end of 17th century) ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> comparative anatomy and embryology (teratology)
(from) اعجوبه prodigy ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> examples of medical pathology

='strcls'>*peasant and professional had participated to a significant extent in a shared culture of intellectual and ="trms">religious ="trms">interest='strcls'>* ='lgc'>--='not'>✕='lgc'>='lgc'>-->='lgc'>{
(="trms">literate culture evolved far more rapidly ='lgc'>=='lgc'>=> sharpening of ="trms">social boundaries of)
city dwellers ='lgc'>=/= peasants
="trms"nttrm="disturban">urban ="trms">literate elite ='lgc'>=/= unlettered day laboure
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> for the educated layman='lgc'>: (="trms">religious as="trms">sociations of) ="trms">monsters='lgc'> = another manifestation of popular ignorance and superstition ='lgc'>--fostering='lgc'>='lgc'>--> uncritical ="trms">wonder ='lgc'>=/= sober investigation of ="trms">natural cause


prodigy ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> contrary to ="trms">nature ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> attributable directly to God (divine displeasure)
="prgrph">-the sunne shal suddenly shine againe in the night, and the moone thre times a day. blood shal drop out of the wood, and the stone shal give his voyce ='lgc'>[...='lgc'>] There shalbe a confusion in many places, and the fyre shal oft breake forthe, and the ="trms">wilde ="trms">beastes shal change their places, and menstruous women shal beare ="trms">monstres='lgc'>[...='lgc'>]

="lsts lst1">•="trms">monstrum='lgc'> = prodigium ='lgc'>=='lgc'>=> ="trms">monstrat ='lgc'>[="trms">monstro='lgc'>: i ="trms">wonder ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> i indict ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> i teach, de="trms">monstrate='lgc'>]='lgc'> = god's will
="lsts lst1">•apocalyptic as="trms">sociation ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">world reformation, the overthrow of the wicked ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> vindication of god's elect

(="trms">bestiaries were a lot commentaries)

various bestial parts...

bestial vices and errors (of...)

ephemeral ="trms">literature
displayed and re="trms">cited publicly
characteristically illustrated
appeal through spoken word ='and'>& image to the il="trms">literate


="frds scrmbld">Pierre Boaistuau ='lgc'>[='lgc'><== Peucer, Lycosthenes, Swiss surgeon Jakob Rueff, ="trms">natura="trms"nttrm="listen,alist,ilist,llist,olist,ylist,ulist">list Konrad Gesner, ="frds scrmbld">Pierre Belon='lgc'>]
="trms">histoire tragique
="trms">histoire prodigieuse (="trms">monster ="trms">literature, ="trms">bestiary='qstn'>?)
="lsts lst1">•two-headed woman seen in Bavaria in 1541
="lsts lst1">•three-legged Siamese twins from 1552
="lsts lst1">•calf without forelegs reported in 1556
="lsts lst1">•celebrated ="trms">monster of Cracow
="lsts lst1">•
ghoulish tone, ="trms">religious didacticism, erudite آموزنده, ="trms">monsters as polemical weapons
“="trms">nature's ="trms">wonder='qstn'>?” ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> to “discovre the secret judgment and scourge of the ire of God”

The Scripture sayth, before the ende
Of all thinges shall appeare,
God will wounders straunge thinges send,
As some is sene this yeare.
The selye infantes, voyde of shape,
The calues and pygges so straunge,
With other mo of suche mishape,
Declareth this ="trms">worldes chaunge.


...="trms">monsters began to lose their ="trms">religious resonance
it was unlawful to “delight” in the undesirable
portentous meaning of ="trms">monster

(from) fear ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> delight
(from) prodigy ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">wonder
(from) sermon ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> table-talk
(from) horrible, terrible, effrayable, espouventable ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> strange, ="trms">wonderful, mer="trms">veilleux (marvelous جالب)
(from) final cause ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> proximate cause (physical explanations and the ="trms">natural order)
='lgc'>}='lgc'>=='lgc'>=> ="trms">nature began to assume the role of an autonomous entity with a will (and sense of humour of her own) ='lgc'>~~> ="trms">natural ="trms">wonder



="trms">wonder ="trms">literature (='lgc'>[lavishly illustrated ="trms">bestiary, ="trms">cosmography, ="trms">travel ="trms">literature, geological curiosa, herbal and astrological lore,='lgc'>] of later 16th and 17th century ="ppl">Daston) ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> secularization of an ="trms">interest in (="trms">monsters as) prodigies
='lgc'>--part-of='lgc'>='lgc'>--> the great body of common culture
='lgc'>--af="trms">finity='lgc'>='lgc'>--> popular 16th century genre of diverses lefons (selections from famous ="trms">authors)

catalogues of strange instances or hidden properties of ="trms">animals, vegetables and mineral
(middle class culture in elizabethan england)

prodigies denuded of their super="trms">natural aura ='and'>& (="trms">presented) to surprise and entertain the ="trms"nttrm="already,spread">reader ='lgc'>=/= to acquaint the ="trms"nttrm="already,spread">reader with imminent apocalypse and judgeme

Certaine Secrete ="trms">Wonders of ="trms">Nature

portentous events بد شگون

(cro="trms">codiles) to be granted honorary ="trms">monstrous status by virtue of their rarit

many will ="trms"nttrm="already,spread">reade them ='lgc'>[="trms">monsters='lgc'>], heare them and haue profit by them, that otherwise whould neuer haue knowen them. For many (I ="trms">suppose) will buye this ="trms">Booke for the things whereto they are ="trms">affectioned, that neuer coulde or would have bought, or looked on the ="trms">bookes, wherein all they are. -Lupton

common and popular forms of escapist ="trms">literature='lgc'>: ='strcls'>*="trms">travel ="trms">books='strcls'>* and ='strcls'>*chivalric romanc='strcls'>*
(='lgc'>='lgc'>--> don Quixote)
="trms">monstrous races (men with a single giant foot, or huge ears, or their faces on their chests, giants and dwarfs)

medically oriented ="trms">monster ="trms">literature

='lgc'>[="ppl">Daston:='lgc'>] Pare was forced to eliminate a section on lesbianism, with a graphic description of the female genitals, before in="trms"nttrm="cluster,club">cluding Des ="trms">monstres in later editions of his collected work


A Helpe to ="trms">Memorie and Discourse (of ="trms">Wonders, Foreign and Domestic)
='strcls'>*the passages and occurrences of the ="trms">world='strcls'>* ='at'>#="nms">ajayeb
="lsts lst1">•the creatures thereof
="lsts lst1">•the casualties therein

little-known properties of... (wine and water, fish, dogs, cuckolds, hunchbacks and ="trms">monsters)

popular ignorance
solitary efforts of the professional scholar
culture of the educated layman (lawyer, businessman, government official, and their wives and daughters)

='lgc'>[change in sensibility (&-='lgc'>=>='qstn'>? change in ="trms">interpretation)='lgc'>]
beginning of the withdrawal of the educated classes from more popular culture
='at'>@="frds scrmbld"nttrm="Godard">Goda

="trms">monsters (familiar canon of prodigies) became a subject of great ="trms">fashion and not vulgar

(="ppl">Daston tracing how) “in the ="trms">wonder ="trms">literature, then, ="trms">monsters='lgc'>--along with the rest of the canon of prodigies='lgc'>--began to cast off their ="trms">religious as="trms">sociations. this trend was accompanied by a movement to emphasize ="trms">natural causes over super="trms">natural ones.”

Pare re="trms">presented ='lgc'>[the causes of ="trms">monstrous births='lgc'>] an elaboration on the ="trms">natural explanations offered by ="ppl">Aristotle and ="trms">writers in the Aristotelian tradition (too much or too little seed, maternal ="trms">imagination, a narrow womb, a traumatic pregnancy, hereditary disease, bestiality and so on) ='lgc'>+ a new ="trms">causal ="trms">category='lgc'>: artifice (to in="trms"nttrm="cluster,club">clude fakes and ="trms">children mutilated by their parents to enhance their take as beggars)

shift in ='strcls'>*="trms">causal thinking='strcls'>* ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> (expanded the power of) maternal ="trms">imagination covering eventuality ='lgc'>=='lgc'>=> a new way of talking about ="trms">nature
='lgc'>{(from) in the prodigy ="trms">literature ="trms">nature was effectively transparent (a ="trms">veil through which God's purposes could be discerned)='lgc'>}='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">nature gained a new autonomy ( fertility of invention ='lgc'>=/= wrath) ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='strcls'>*="trms">nature personified='strcls'>* (the artisan) ='lgc'>[Pare='lgc'>: “chambermaid to our great God"='lgc'>], ="trms">monsters were treated as ="trms">jokes or “sports” (lusus) of a personified ="trms">nature

transcorporeal fields of sensoriality ='lgc'>=/= boundedness of isolated bodies and things

non="trms">anthropocentric ="trms">zoological studies

="large lg3" stl="font-size:111%">

Bacon's (tripartite division of) ="trms">natural ="trms">history='lgc'>:
="lstsrd">1. ='strcls'>*="trms">natural='lgc'>: the study of ="trms">nature “in course”, or ="trms">natural ="trms">history
="lstsrd">2. ='strcls'>*preter="trms">natural='lgc'>: the study of ="trms">nature “erring”, or the “="trms">history of marvels” ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> a coherent ="trms">category (='lgc'>=/= miscellaneous collection of ="trms">phenomen)
="lstsrd">3. ='strcls'>*artificial='lgc'>: the study of ="trms">nature “wrought, or the ="trms">history of arts

="trms">nature's aberrations for the finest examples of her workmanship

="large lg4" stl="font-size:111%"> ="trms">nature imagery of the ="trms">wonder ="trms">book

renaissance thought ='lgc'>='lgc'>-->='lgc'>{ (antithesis of) art ='lgc'>=/= ="trms">nature ='lgc'>}='lgc'>='lgc'>--> art may aid, imitate, modify or surpass ="trms">nature
='lgc'>--='not'>✕='lgc'>='lgc'>--> Bacon='lgc'>: art (formal and final causes) should become more ="trms">natural ='and'>& ="trms">nature (="trms">material and efficient causes) should be made more artificial ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">monster='lgc'>: ="trms">nature's artificial work
="lsts lst1">•="trms">nature in extremis ='lgc'>=/= conventional wisdom
="lsts lst1">•="trms">monsters='lgc'>: models for the novelties of art

='lgc'>--Bacon='lgc'>='lgc'>--> enrichment of both speculative and operative ="trms">natural philosophy (='lgc'>=/= ="trms">books of ="trms">fabulous experiments and secrets)

='strcls'>**="trms">wonder ="trms">literature sacrificed accuracy to admiration='strcls'>**

corroboration

="large lg5" stl="font-size:151%">
xxxxxx

="display:block;white-space:nowrap;margin-bottom:-1em;overflow:hidden;">...................................

to take echoing abstractions (reason, ="trms">nature, etc.) and try to cash them out in concrete practices
(transformation of) extremely abstract ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> extremely concrete
="prgrph">-why is it so irresistible to reach analogies between the moral and the ="trms">natur[...]