[...]ene this yeare.
The selye infantes, voyde of shape,
The calues and pygges so straunge,
With other mo of suche mishape,
Declareth this ="trms">worldes chaunge.


...="trms">monsters began to lose their ="trms">religious resonance
it was unlawful to “delight” in the undesirable
portentous meaning of ="trms">monster

(from) fear ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> delight
(from) prodigy ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">wonder
(from) sermon ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> table-talk
(from) horrible, terrible, effrayable, espouventable ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> strange, ="trms">wonderful, mer="trms">veilleux (marvelous جالب)
(from) final cause ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> proximate cause (physical explanations and the ="trms">natural order)
='lgc'>}='lgc'>=='lgc'>=> ="trms">nature began to assume the role of an autonomous entity with a will (and sense of humour of her own) ='lgc'>~~> ="trms">natural ="trms">wonder


="large lg2" stl="font-size:110%">
="trms">wonder ="trms">literature (='lgc'>[lavishly illustrated ="trms">bestiary, ="trms">cosmography, ="trms">travel ="trms">literature, geological curiosa, herbal and astrological lore,='lgc'>] of later 16th and 17th century ="ppl">Daston) ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> secularization of an ="trms">interest in (="trms">monsters as) prodigies
='lgc'>--part-of='lgc'>='lgc'>--> the great body of common culture
='lgc'>--af="trms">finity='lgc'>='lgc'>--> popular 16th century genre of diverses lefons (selections from famous ="trms">authors)

catalogues of strange instances or hidden properties of ="trms">animals, vegetables and mineral
(middle class culture in elizabethan england)

prodigies denuded of their super="trms">natural aura ='and'>& (="trms">presented) to surprise and entertain the ="trms"nttrm="already,spread">reader ='lgc'>=/= to acquaint the ="trms"nttrm="already,spread">reader with imminent apocalypse and judgeme

Certaine Secrete ="trms">Wonders of ="trms">Nature

portentous events بد شگون

(cro="trms">codiles) to be granted honorary ="trms">monstrous status by virtue of their rarit

many will ="trms"nttrm="already,spread">reade them ='lgc'>[="trms">monsters='lgc'>], heare them and haue profit by them, that otherwise whould neuer haue knowen them. For many (I ="trms">suppose) will buye this ="trms">Booke for the things whereto they are ="trms">affectioned, that neuer coulde or would have bought, or looked on the ="trms">bookes, wherein all they are. -Lupton

common and popular forms of escapist ="trms">literature='lgc'>: ='strcls'>*="trms">travel ="trms">books='strcls'>* and ='strcls'>*chivalric romanc='strcls'>*
(='lgc'>='lgc'>--> don Quixote)
="trms">monstrous races (men with a single giant foot, or huge ears, or their faces on their chests, giants and dwarfs)

medically oriented ="trms">monster ="trms">literature

='lgc'>[="ppl">Daston:='lgc'>] Pare was forced to eliminate a section on lesbianism, with a graphic description of the female genitals, before in="trms"nttrm="cluster,club">cluding Des ="trms">monstres in later editions of his collected work


A Helpe to ="trms">Memorie and Discourse (of ="trms">Wonders, Foreign and Domestic)
='strcls'>*the passages and occurrences of the ="trms">world='strcls'>* ='at'>#="nms">ajayeb
="lsts lst1">•the creatures thereof
="lsts lst1">•the casualties therein

little-known properties of... (wine and water, fish, dogs, cuckolds, hunchbacks and ="trms">monsters)

popular ignorance
solitary efforts of the professional scholar
culture of the educated layman (lawyer, businessman, government official, and their wives and daughters)

="large lg1" stl="font-size:133%"> ='lgc'>[change in sensibility (&-='lgc'>=>='qstn'>? change in ="trms">interpretation)='lgc'>]
beginning of the withdrawal of the educated classes from more popular culture
='at'>@="frds scrmbld"nttrm="Godard">Goda

="trms">monsters (familiar canon of prodigies) became a subject of great ="trms">fashion and not vulgar

(="ppl">Daston tracing how) “in the ="trms">wonder ="trms">literature, then, ="trms">monsters='lgc'>--along with the rest of the canon of prodigies='lgc'>--began to cast off their ="trms">religious as="trms">sociations. this trend was accompanied by a movement to emphasize ="trms">natural causes over super="trms">natural ones.”

Pare re="trms">presented ='lgc'>[the causes of ="trms">monstrous births='lgc'>] an elaboration on the ="trms">natural explanations offered by ="ppl">Aristotle and ="trms">writers in the Aristotelian tradition (too much or too little seed, maternal ="trms">imagination, a narrow womb, a traumatic pregnancy, hereditary disease, bestiality and so on) ='lgc'>+ a new ="trms">causal ="trms">category='lgc'>: artifice (to in="trms"nttrm="cluster,club">clude fakes and ="trms">children mutilated by their parents to enhance their take as beggars)

shift in ='strcls'>*="trms">causal thinking='strcls'>* ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> (expanded the power of) maternal ="trms">imagination covering eventuality ='lgc'>=='lgc'>=> a new way of talking about ="trms">nature
='lgc'>{(from) in the prodigy ="trms">literature ="trms">nature was effectively transparent (a ="trms">veil through which God's purposes could be discerned)='lgc'>}='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">nature gained a new autonomy ( fertility of invention ='lgc'>=/= wrath) ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='strcls'>*="trms">nature personified='strcls'>* (the artisan) ='lgc'>[Pare='lgc'>: “chambermaid to our great God"='lgc'>], ="trms">monsters were treated as ="trms">jokes or “sports” (lusus) of a personified ="trms">nature

transcorporeal fields of sensoriality ='lgc'>=/= boundedness of isolated bodies and things

non="trms">anthropocentric ="trms">zoological studies



Bacon's (tripartite division of) ="trms">natural ="trms">history='lgc'>:
="lstsrd">1. ='strcls'>*="trms">natural='lgc'>: the study of ="trms">nature “in course”, or ="trms">natural ="trms">history
="lstsrd">2. ='strcls'>*preter="trms">natural='lgc'>: the study of ="trms">nature “erring”, or the “="trms">history of marvels” ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> a coherent ="trms">category (='lgc'>=/= miscellaneous collection of ="trms">phenomen)
="lstsrd">3. ='strcls'>*artificial='lgc'>: the study of ="trms">nature “wrought, or the ="trms">history of arts

="trms">nature's aberrations for the finest examples of her workmanship

="trms">nature imagery of the ="trms">wonder ="trms">book

renaissance thought ='lgc'>='lgc'>-->='lgc'>{ (antithesis of) art ='lgc'>=/= ="trms">nature ='lgc'>}='lgc'>='lgc'>--> art may aid, imitate, modify or surpass ="trms">nature
='lgc'>--='not'>✕='lgc'>='lgc'>--> Bacon='lgc'>: art (formal and final causes) should become more ="trms">natural ='and'>& ="trms">nature (="trms">material and efficient causes) should be made more artificial ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">monster='lgc'>: ="trms">nature's artificial work
="lsts lst1">•="trms">nature in extremis ='lgc'>=/= conventional wisdom
="lsts lst1">•="trms">monsters='lgc'>: models for the novelties of art

='lgc'>--Bacon='lgc'>='lgc'>--> enrichment of both speculative and operative ="trms">natural philosophy (='lgc'>=/= ="trms">books of ="trms">fabulous experiments and secrets)

='strcls'>**="trms">wonder ="trms">literature sacrificed accuracy to admiration='strcls'>**

corroboration


xxxxxx

="display:block;white-space:nowrap;margin-bottom:-1em;overflow:hidden;">...................................

to take echoing abstractions (reason, ="trms">nature, etc.) and try to cash them out in concrete practices
(transformation of) extremely abstract ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> extremely concrete
="prgrph">-why is it so irresistible to reach analogies between the moral and the ="trms">natural orders='qstn'>?
other orders of ="trms">nature ='lgc'>[='strcls'>**every order of ="trms">nature sustains a moral order='strcls'>**='lgc'>]='lgc'>:
="lstsrd">1. local ="trms">nature (what happens when we scale up)
="lstsrd">2. ="trms">ontological identity card (what makes a squirrels)
="lstsrd">3. universal ="trms">natural laws
aggregation of these forms of orders ='lgc'>]='strcls'>**each provokes a characteristic cognitive passion='strcls'>** ='lgc'>: they involve judgment ='lgc'>+ emotional reaction to its transgressions='lgc'>]='lgc'>:
="lstsrd">1. disequilibria (='lgc'>='lgc'>--> terror='lgc'>: fear saturated by guilt) ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> local ="trms">nature
="lstsrd">2. ="trms">monsters (='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">horror) ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">specific ="trms">nature
="lstsrd">3. marvels and miracles (='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">wonder) ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">natural laws

='lgc'>[(a very recently) forceful kind of='lgc'>] argument to anchor moral or political order in a ="trms">natural foundation

='lgc'>--="ppl">Daston='lgc'>='lgc'>--> we are ="trms">species that re="trms">present (='strcls'>**we must model our orders='strcls'>** ='lgc'>: to make visible ='and'>& external) ='lgc'>--='lgc'>{with an appeal to a ="trms">natural analog='lgc'>}='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='strcls'>*="trms">nature='lgc'>: the richest source of models of all kind of orders

='lgc'>[!!!today task of artist:='lgc'>] ='strcls'>***to give back humanity its ="trms">childhood='strcls'>*** (that was lost in the age of objectivity) ='at'>@="frds">Sina, ="frds scrmbld">Sarah

="display:block;white-space:nowrap;margin-bottom:-1em;overflow:hidden;">...................................

Schutz
="trms">social ="trms">nature of knowl="trms"nttrm="knowledge,Knowledge">edge
how people grasp the consciousness of others while living within their own streams of consciousness

="large lg3" stl="font-size:111%"> absent friends='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•his brother whom he has described to me
="lsts lst1">•the professor whose ="trms">books i have ="trms"nttrm="already,spread">read
="lsts lst1">•the postal clerk
="lsts lst1">•the Canadian Parliament
="lsts lst1">•abstract entities like Canada herself
="lsts lst1">•the rules of English grammar
="lsts lst1">•the basic principles of jurisprudence
="lsts lst1">•
='lgc'>--Schutz='lgc'>='lgc'>--> more one goes into the contemporary ="trms">world, the more anonymous the contemporary inhabitants become

="display:block;white-space:nowrap;margin-bottom:-1em;overflow:hidden;">...................................

="trms">wonder
and its marvels

="large lg4" stl="font-size:112%"> (Paris wall slogan from the student rebellion of 1968 ='lgc'>='lgc'>-->) “every view of things that is not strange (bizarre, foreign) is false” ='lgc'>--="ppl">Bynum='lgc'>='lgc'>--> to jolt her ="trms"nttrm="listen,alist,ilist,llist,olist,ylist,ulist">listeners nad ="trms"nttrm="already,spread">readers into encounter with a ="trms">past that is unexpected and strange

="trms">past ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> answer ="trms">questions we haven't asked

="prgrph">-could “="trms">wonder” be the special characteristic of the ="trms">historian='qstn'>?

="trms">wonder ='and'>& marvels ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> a medieva="trms"nttrm="listen,alist,ilist,llist,olist,ylist,ulist">list's topic

="ppl">Bynum re="trms">present a rearguard action to claim back from early ="trms">modernists the irrational and grotesque and to “re-enchant” (if not the ="trms">world, at least) the ="trms">historical professional

="large lg5" stl="font-size:130%"> ="lstsrd">1180-1320
a great increase in ="trms">stories of marvels, ="trms">monsters, miracles, ghosts
medieval europe awash in ="trms">wonders


='strcls'>*the circumstances under which medieval men and women felt ="trms">wonder='strcls'>*
="lsts lst1">•="trms">wonder-talk
="lsts lst1">•="trms">wonder-behavior ='lgc'>[='lgc'>=='lgc'>=>='qstn'>? empowering them='lgc'>]
="lsts lst1">•the ='strcls'>*web of actual ="trms">horror ='and'>& delight='strcls'>* [...]