[...]nd lyrical ="trms">language='strcls'>* as signaling a deeper pattern or purpose='lgc'>}

(old ="ppl">Augustinian idea that) the ="trms">world itself is a miracle ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> (homi="trms"nttrm="listen,alist,ilist,llist,olist,ylist,ulist">list Aelfric) wundra (marvels) of God
="lsts lst1">•it requires no sorcery that the moon waxes and wanes, that the sea agrees with it, that the earth greens in ="trms">response to its power 🌙
="lsts lst1">•(recounting the migration of salmon upstream to spawn) they leap from bottom to top with a leap that is marvellous, and except that is is proper to the ="trms">nature of fish, marvellous


سندباد ="nms">Sinbad
='lgc'>[fantastical='lgc'>] ="trms">travelers’ tales (recounted) the ='strcls'>*fearsome='strcls'>* and the ='strcls'>*ugly='strcls'>* ='lgc'>--as='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='strcls'>*="trms">wonderful='strcls'>*
to Marco Polo almost every ="trms">animal he met was a marvel (the horrible cro="trms">codile, beautiful giraffe) ='lgc'>[described with an earnest and urgent facticity ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="nms">ajayeb's tone='lgc'>]

="large lg2" stl="font-size:111%"> in later middle ages (and in toda popular media) ='strcls'>*strangeness appealed='strcls'>* ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">stories abounded='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•of ="trms">fabulous palces
="lsts lst1">•of stones with marvellous powers
="lsts lst1">•of ="trms">monsters
="lsts lst1">•of mermaids
="lsts lst1">•of fairies
="lsts lst1">•of bizarre races with eyes in their chests or enormous umbrella feet

="lsts lst1">•Marco Polo's awkward and impoverished prose
="lsts lst1">•Mandeville's credulous tale-telling
="lsts lst1">•="nms">Sinbad='lgc'>: ='lgc'>[a powerful sense that='lgc'>] what is ="trms">wonderful='lgc'>: (is not chickens and peacocks, even cyclopses and cannibals per se, but) ='strcls'>**a ="trms">world that encompasses such ="trms">staggering diversity='strcls'>** ='lgc'>--="ppl">Bynum='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='strcls'>******the impulse to chronicle (such things) ='lgc'>~= a critique of the impulse to possess them='strcls'>******

“If you ='lgc'>[="frds scrmbld"nttrm="Alex,Alert,Aleph,Alessi">Alexander the Great='lgc'>] had a body that matched your greedy mind and heart that know no bounds in their desires, or if your body equaled your great cupidity, the great ="trms">world itself would not suffice to contain you ... Your ="trms"nttrm="righ,rigo,riga,rigi,trig,rign">right hand would hold the East, the left the West. Not content with this, in all your prayers you would be ="trms">consumed with desire to investigate and find out where that amazing light hid itself, and would dare to climb into the sun’s chariot and ... control its wandering beams. So, too, you desire much that you cannot possess. Having subdued the ="trms">world and conquered the human race, delighting in blood, you will wage war against trees, ="trms">wild ="trms">beasts, rocks and mountain snows. ='strcls'>*You will not allow the strange creatures that ="trms"nttrm="failure,blur,plur,lurk,tallur,slur">lurk in the caves to be untouched. Even senseless elements will be compelled to experience your rages.='strcls'>*
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='strcls'>***Chatillon's powerful prose understands that marveling at diversity can be the prelude to appropriation='strcls'>***
='strcls'>*marveling at diversity ='lgc'>='lgc'>~=> appropriation='strcls'>*


='strcls'>*impulse to collect/chronicle/="trms"nttrm="listen,alist,ilist,llist,olist,ylist,ulist">list ='lgc'>--(critique='lgc'>[="trms">sublimated='qstn'>?='lgc'>])='lgc'>='lgc'>-->='lgc'>~='qstn'>?=>(='lgc'><='lgc'>--)(='lgc'>~/=!!) impulse to posses='strcls'>*


beautiful ='lgc'>+ horrible ='lgc'>+ ="trms">skillfully made ='lgc'>==induce='lgc'>='lgc'>==> ="trms">wonder
bizzar ='lgc'>+ rare (='lgc'>~= that which challenges or suddenly illuminates our expectations) ='lgc'>+ ='strcls'>*range of ="trms">differences='strcls'>* found in the ="trms">world ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> ="trms">wonder

admirabiles mixturae='lgc'>: events or ="trms">phenomena in which ="trms">ontological and moral boundaries are crossed, confused, erased

='lgc'>[='strcls'>*='lgc'>]singularity='lgc'>: absence of cause ='lgc'>[='lgc'>='lgc'>--> is enough to induce ="trms">wonder='lgc'>]


human body appearing as meat to be masticated is an aweful condescension (in ="trms">worldly terms='lgc'>: an assuming of an inappropriate ="trms">nature) for God


Peter the Venerable (12th century collection of miracle ="trms">stories)
reverents (those who returned from the dead)
...a monk who has been poisoned appears in a dream while the murder is under investigation='lgc'>: “When I saw him ='lgc'>[the murdered monk='lgc'>], I got up full of joy and began to embrace and kiss him with much ="trms">affection. Although a deep stupor ='lgc'>[sopor='lgc'>] took the place of my outward senses,... I was not unaware that I was sleeping ... And what is more ="trms">wonderful ='lgc'>[mirum='lgc'>], it occurred to me immediately ... that the dead could not remain long with the living ... So I decided to ="trms">question him quickly, for the vision seemed not a phantasm but true ='lgc'>[non fantastica sed verax='lgc'>] ... ='lgc'>[The monk attests his faith and affirms that he has been murdered; then he disappears.='lgc'>] I ="trms">wondered greatly ... then rested my head again ... and immediately he reappeared ... I rushed toward him and ... began to kiss him as before ... I heard the same answers as above concerning his state, his vision of God, the certitude of the ="frds scrmbld"nttrm="Christianson">Christian faith, and his death ... ='lgc'>[Then='lgc'>] I woke up and found my eyes wet and my cheeks warmed by fresh tears.
='lgc'>=/= Hamlet's experience with his father's ghost (='lgc'>='lgc'>--> has no ="trms">epistemological ="trms">wonder)

Peter of Tarentaise
confronted with a deformed man, ="trms">questioned him closely and sent him away unhealed but with a new sense of self-worth

='strcls'>**moral reaction described in heightened emotion-="trms">language='strcls'>**
(we see) ='strcls'>*the ="trms">response enacted inside the ="trms">story='strcls'>*

Julian of Norwich
her most ="trms">wonder-filled ="trms">language
because of the incarnation we are a marvelous mixture (medle se mervelous) of sin and grace

the unheards-of... عجایبِ (="nms">ajayeb-e)
describing unheard-of prodigy (of green ="trms">children born from the earth)

="large lg1" stl="font-size:149%">
👉
William of Newburgh
what he cannot grasp (attingere or rimari) ='lgc'>[there must be a “reason"='lgc'>] ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> forced to marvel at (mirari) ='lgc'>--means='lgc'>='lgc'>--> a significance or moral use (utilitas)
="lsts lst1">•mysterious dog discovered in a stone
="lsts lst1">•a crucifix in the sky
="lsts lst1">•
='lgc'>}='lgc'>='lgc'>--> rarity ='lgc'>+ (they have a) secret reason
='lgc'>}='lgc'>--="ppl">Bynum='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='strcls'>*="trms">wonder-reaction='lgc'> = significance-reaction='strcls'>* ='lgc'>~= ='strcls'>****things are signs or portents (not because of their ="trms">natures or their causes but ='lgc'>[from their ="trms">ontology='lgc'>]) because they indicate or point ='lgc'>[from their utility='lgc'>]='strcls'>****
='at'>#telegram ="trms">bestiary
='at'>#index finger

="trms">monster ='lgc'><='lgc'>-- ="trms">monstrare='lgc'>: to know

(for theologians, chroniclers, preachers) ="trms">wonderful='lgc'> = strange ='lgc'>+ rare ='lgc'>+ inexplicable (never merely strange or simply inexplicable)
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> it was ='strcls'>***a strange that ="trms">mattered, that pointed beyond itself to meaning='strcls'>*** (='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='at'>#="trms">wonders of pits)


(='mywrk'>my work for WIELS, ="trms">Wonders of the Moon – A Thousand Years of Sleepwalking 2020)
="lsts lst1">•='strcls'>*not='strcls'>* all medieval statements about ="trms">wonder were synonymous or compatible
="lsts lst1">•how people acted and reacted necessarily were ='strcls'>*not='strcls'>* in very close ="trms">synchrony with the de="trms">finition they gave or the ابتذال platitudes they propounded


="large lg3" stl="font-size:112%"> ="trms">wonder in medieval texts
='lgc'>=/= increasingly rare exception to an enlightenment sense of unbreachable laws of ="trms">nature
='lgc'>=/= startle reflex of early ="trms">modern psychology
='lgc'>=/= appropriation practiced by early ="trms">modern rulers, explores, conquistadors (adventurer)


(="ppl">Bynum making the point that) although by late 15th century medieval artists had begun to paint ="trms">wondering faces with the startle reflex ='lgc'>--='not'>✕='lgc'>='lgc'>--> it is more difficult to be sure whether a figure confronted with stupendous, bizarre, or d="trms"nttrm="already,spread">read-filled news is amzed or not
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='strcls'>***the amazement had a strong cognitive component='strcls'>*** ='lgc'>: you could ="trms">wonder only were you knew that you failed to understand ='lgc'>--entailed='lgc'>='lgc'>--> a passionate desire for the ="trms">scientia it lacked, it was a stimulus and incentive to investigation

significance-reaction='lgc'>: a flooding with awe, pleasure, d="trms"nttrm="already,spread">read owing to something deeper ='strcls'>*="trms"nttrm="failure,blur,plur,lurk,tallur,slur">lurking in the ="trms">phenomenon='strcls'>*

="large lg4" stl="font-size:110%"> ="trms">wonder was ="trms">situated
="trms">wonder was perspectival (even if miracles were not)


(medieval theories of) ="trms">wonder='lgc'>: nonappropriative (empathically not to ="trms">consume and incorporate), yet based in facticity ='lgc'>+ singularity
='strcls'>*="trms">wonder='lgc'>: to give back the goblet after draining the potion ='heart'>♥ ='lgc'>[='lgc'>='lgc'>--> my mood on telegram ="trms">animals, to receive their concreteness and ="trms">specificity='lgc'>]
(Bernard of Clairvaux='lgc'>:) if you do not believe the event, you will not marvel at it ='lgc'>{you can marvel only at something that is (at least to some sense) ='lgc'>[='strcls'>*='lgc'>]there='lgc'>: concreteness ='lgc'>+ ="trms">specificity='lgc'>} ='lgc'>[='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">wonder at the object of doom, cat videos, popular media='lgc'>]

admiratio='lgc'>: (a medieval sense) cognitive, perspectival, nonappropriative, deeply respectful of ='strcls'>*the ="trms">specificity of the ="trms">world='strcls'>*
='lgc'>=/= investigate
='lgc'>=/= imitate
='lgc'>=/= ="trms">generalize
='lgc'>=/= post="trms">modern ="trms">anxiety='lgc'>:
="lsts lst2">◦we emphasize how hard it is to knwo
="lsts lst2">◦we are aware that any ="trms">response involves some appropriation
="lsts lst2">◦we suspect the awareness (of collectors of marvels='lgc'>: awe and d="trms"nttrm="already,spread">read are ="trms">situated) shatters the possibility of ="trms">writing any coherent account of the ="trms">world
="lsts lst2">◦we fear that the particular is the trivial and that significance is merely the projection of our own values ="trms">onto the ="trms">past

amazement is suppressed by='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•citing of too many cases
="lsts lst1">•="trms">formulation of general laws
="lsts lst1">•inductio exemplorum

="large lg5" stl="font-size:164%">
medieval ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">wonder ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> knowl="trms"nttrm="knowledge,Knowledge">edge
post="trms">modern ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> politics ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> knowl="trms"nttrm="knowledge,Knowledge">edge


="ppl">Bynum ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> our research is better when we move only cautio[...]