[...]e ="trms">socia="trms"nttrm="listen,alist,ilist,llist,olist,ylist,ulist">list, reactionary, ultra="trms">modernist, or even down="trms"nttrm="righ,rigo,riga,rigi,trig,rign">right antipolitical principles

(shift away from classical atheism and humanism ='lgc'><==) three movements='lgc'>:
="lstsrd">1. an ='strcls'>*atheism that would not be humanist='strcls'>* ='lgc'>: an atheism mistrustful of secular دنيوى, egalitarian تساوى, and transformative commitments
="lstsrd">2. a ='strcls'>*negative philosophical ="trms">anthropology='strcls'>*
="lstsrd">3. ='strcls'>*critiques of humanism='strcls'>*


(1)
(traditionally) atheism='lgc'> = secularism ='lgc'>+ humanism
absence of god in 19th century thinkers ="ppl">Feuerbach, Comte, ="ppl">Marx, Proudhon='lgc'>:
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> possibility of a good life and proper ="trms">society
="lsts lst1">•="ppl">Feuerbach's ="trms">anthropotheism='lgc'>: “god='lgc'> = projection of human ="trms">nature ="trms">onto the heavens,” nothing more than man's re="trms">presentation of his own essence ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> the task of the ="trms">modern era was the realization and humanization of god ='lgc'>: (transformation and dissolution of) theology ='lgc'>--into='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">anthropology
="lsts lst1">•Comte='lgc'>: ="trms">positivist project for ="trms">science and knowl="trms"nttrm="knowledge,Knowledge">edge ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">religion of humanity, explicitly ="trms">religious atheism
="lsts lst1">•Proudhon='lgc'>: humanisme

='lgc'>{liberalism='lgc'>: humanism, and idealism had become moral and political expectations of the secular education projects='lgc'>}='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='lgc'>[='strcls'>*='lgc'>]humanism='lgc'>: what could reach, reveal, and cultivate the ='strcls'>*proper and ethical='strcls'>* humanum of man ='lgc'>==> ='lgc'>[='strcls'>*='lgc'>]man='lgc'>: irreducible, perfectible bearer and guarantor of dignity, equality, and freedom

="ppl">Levinas's ‘an atheism that is not humanist’='lgc'>: the exaltation of an obedience and a faithfulness that are not obedience or faithfulness to anyone

="large lg2" stl="font-size:111%"> opening up an apocalyptic ="trms">imagination
destroying the cultural optimism that had marked the turn of the twentieth century

ground for ethics, knowl="trms"nttrm="knowledge,Knowledge">edge, and hope

(Kojeve, ="ppl">Bataille, reconceiving) atheism='lgc'>: a way out of any and all ideological ="trms">systems
theological ="trms">questions ='lgc'>+ mistrust of political hopes
to replace god with a political messianism, nation or state,
“disenchantment of the ="trms">world='lgc'> = death knell for man” (='qstn'>?)

="large lg1" stl="font-size:140%"> nonhumanist atheism='lgc'>: determined op="trms">position to foundational concepts of man, knowl="trms"nttrm="knowledge,Knowledge">edge, and truth (='lgc'>=/= critically rethinking problems of ="trms">anthropotheism, of transcendence, of ="trms">finitude)

critique of idealism='lgc'> = critique of transcendence
1920s='lgc'>: atheist humanism='lgc'> = idea="trms"nttrm="listen,alist,ilist,llist,olist,ylist,ulist">list arguments about the capacity of the human mind (to transcend and objectively pattern the things that ="trms">compose the ="trms">world around it)

might and violence of ideologies relied on de="trms">finitions of humanity (that made this violence not only plausible and rational, but almost necessary ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">communism and colonialism)

="ppl">Sartre's postwar minimal humanist commitment ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> “existentialism='lgc'> = humanism”
="prgrph">-call or claim to fai="trms"nttrm="failure,blur,plur,lurk,tallur,slur">lure of foundations and of man's status in the universe ultimately called up a new ethical command ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> call for man to decide and to commit politically (='lgc'>='lgc'>--> atheism ='lgc'>+ political humanisms ='lgc'>+ old ="trms">="trms"nttrm="metaph,metamorph,metabol,metal">metaphysical commitment)

atheist political theology
Kojeve, ="ppl">Bataille, ="ppl">Sartre, Koyre, ="ppl">Heidegger, ="ppl">Adorno
mysticism of progress, self-perfection, and ="trms">history
their anti-utopian and antiprogressivist claims and that found expression in='lgc'>: ="ppl">Blanchot (The Most High), ="ppl">Bataille (Summa Atheologica), Camus (The Myth of Sisyphus), Beckett (Endgame)
="trms">figuration of ="trms">finitude
critique of dreams of transparency
replace transcendence with ="trms">excess or escape (='lgc'><='lgc'>-- mystical background...)
='lgc'>=/= un-self-conscious humanist mysticism

secular ="trms">interwar Europe's raising the human subject to all-powerful status ='lgc'>==> ="trms">techno-="trms">scientific apocalypse ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> waste of hope in the self and in the ="trms">rhetoric of equality and humanism


(2)
philosophical antihumanism
human in suspension and deny that it owns or controls his own ="trms">specificity and particularity

='lgc'>='lgc'>--> negative theology
denial to man of ="trms">positive knowl="trms"nttrm="knowledge,Knowledge">edge of divine ="trms">nature
withdrawal from the possibility of first defining what is ="trms">specifically human
='lgc'>=/= ="trms">world deemed ="trms">anthropocentric and subjectivist
="lsts lst1">•='strcls'>*re="trms">formulates the ="trms">question of man, locating him in conceptual ="trms">systems led by notions, such as Being, reality, ="trms">society, or ="trms">language='strcls'>* (='lgc'>='lgc'>--> to define him “negatively”)
="lsts lst1">•problematization of human subjectivity

='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">modern determinations of “the human”
(Did="trms">erot in Encyclopedie='lgc'>:) “man='lgc'>: a sensing, reflecting, thinking being, which freely ="trms">traverses the surface of the earth, which appears at the head of all other ="trms">animals over which it reigns, which lives in ="trms">society, which has invented the ="trms">sciences and the arts, which has its own notions of good and evil, which gives itself masters, which makes its own laws, etc.”
="lsts lst1">•="trms">anthropocentrism of ="trms">modern thought (Did="trms">erot ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> “why do we not introduce man into our work the way he is placed in the universe='qstn'>? why do we not make him a common center='qstn'>?”)
="lsts lst1">•(18th and 19th century) offering a hierarchy and linking the human to a privileged one among them='lgc'>--to reason, understanding, sensation, the passions, consciousness, the intellect

he can no longer claim to be capable of ="trms">scientifically understanding the entire ="trms">world

(="ppl">Kant in Logic, ='at'>@="nms">apass, three core ="trms">questions guiding his critical project='lgc'>:)
="lsts lst1">•what do i know='qstn'>?
="lsts lst1">•what may i hope for='qstn'>?
="lsts lst1">•what ought i do='qstn'>?
="lsts lst1">•what is man='qstn'>?

='lgc'>}='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='lgc'>[='strcls'>*='lgc'>]humanism='lgc'>: mobilization of a foundationa="trms"nttrm="listen,alist,ilist,llist,olist,ylist,ulist">list concept of man

='lgc'>=/= tradition of identifying man with a certain feature, aspect, or property that ="trms">embodies or expresses his ="trms">nature
='lgc'>=/= the ="ppl">Platonic-christian idea that man possesses an eternal soul
='lgc'>=/= ="ppl">Feuerbachian-="ppl">Marxist approach that sees Man as his own goal
='lgc'>=/= ='thdf'>the idea of a human ="trms">nature that is given, foundational, single, or ="trms"nttrm="already,spread">readily available

="large lg3" stl="font-size:112%"> “death of man”
="ppl">Heidegger's Letter on Humanism
Kojeve's second note on “the end of ="trms">history”
="ppl">Althusser
="ppl">="ppl">Foucault's con="trms"nttrm="cluster,club">cluding chapter to The Order of Things
="ppl">Derrida's The Ends of Man

(existentia="trms"nttrm="listen,alist,ilist,llist,olist,ylist,ulist">list en="trms">trapment of man in his ="trms">world, ='at'>#alienation)

(in Being and Time) ="ppl">Heidegger's Dasein ='lgc'>==>
="lsts lst1">•stripping man's shared element down to its being-there
="lsts lst1">•subsumes and displaces the humanity of man
="lsts lst1">•rejection of the I as an absolute, independent subject that approaches a ="trms">world largely separate from it
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> from ontic determination ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ontico-="trms">ontological determination ='lgc'>[of human='lgc'>]
='strcls'>*the humanity of Dasein remains and must be understood as derivative of both its ontic and ="trms">ontological status

="trms">="trms"nttrm="metaph,metamorph,metabol,metal">metaphysical pre="trms">supposition (that he cannot claim to be capable of fully describing or understanding ="trms">natur) ='lgc'>='lgc'>-->
(human approached and understood only in terms of) ='strcls'>*results='strcls'>* or ='strcls'>*side-effects='strcls'>* (of ="trms">language, existence, ="trms">history, ="trms">phenomena)='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•in ="trms">phenomena='lgc'>: man finds himself thrown in the ="trms">world of ="trms">phenomena and life; he is not grounded in some transcendental ="trms">fashion (="ppl">Heidegger, Kojeve, Malraux, ="ppl">Sartre, Beaufret)
="lsts lst1">•in ="trms">language='lgc'>: he is an ="trms">interpreter of signs and ="trms">symbols that form part of greater ="trms">systems independent of his individual will
="lsts lst1">•in ="trms">history='lgc'>: he is constructed and operates within cultural, ="trms">religious, and philosophical limits imposed on him
="lsts lst1">•
='lgc'>[and='lgc'>] these ="trms">systems are not consequences of man's creative activity, desire, or will
they are domains in which he finds himself
='lgc'>}='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='strcls'>*the human in man comes to mean less and less='strcls'>* ='lgc'>==> ='strcls'>*we can only know what his approach to others (and other things) can reveal='strcls'>*

="large lg4" stl="font-size:112%">

emergence of the new nonhumanist atheism ='lgc'>+ the negative philosophical ="trms">anthropology ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> French antihumanism's assault on='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•contemporary humanisms
="lsts lst1">•the legacies and utopian hopes of the Enlightenment
="lsts lst1">•liberal-bourgeois thinking grounded in human ="trms"nttrm="righ,rigo,riga,rigi,trig,rign">rights and individual autonomy
="lsts lst1">•="ppl">Marxist humanism with its critique of liberalism and its expectations of a superior
humanity
="lsts lst1">•(human perfection ='and'>& ="trms">social harmony)


(="ppl">Geroulanos's account of primary constellations of) humanism='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•christian humanism
="lsts lst1">•Renaissance educational humanism (founded on a return to ancient ="trms">Greek models)
="lsts lst1">•="ppl">Humboldt's reconceptualization of Renaissance humanism (in 19th century Germany)
="lsts lst1">•Enlightenment humanism (from Montesquieu through ="ppl">Rousseau and Condorcet)
="lsts lst1">•19th century liberal humanism (frequently based on ="trms">natural law, autonomy over one's own body and mind, and human ="trms"nttrm="righ,rigo,riga,rigi,trig,rign">rights)
="lsts lst1">•="trms">socia="trms"nttrm="listen,alist,ilist,llist,olist,ylist,ulist">list humanisms (with its commitment to contractarian ="trms">social theory)

="large lg5" stl="font-size:124%"> Encyclopedie's attack on theological knowl="trms"nttrm="knowledge,Knowledge">edge

19th century construction of ="trms">modern humanism (="trms">sociopolitical goals of a “human ="trms">nature”) ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> left-leaning, often democratic, (but certainly) utopian ="trms">sociopolitical men[...]