[...]
atheist political theology
Kojeve, ="ppl">Bataille, ="ppl">Sartre, Koyre, ="ppl">Heidegger, ="ppl">Adorno
mysticism of progress, self-perfection, and ="trms">history
their anti-utopian and antiprogressivist claims and that found expression in='lgc'>: ="ppl">Blanchot (The Most High), ="ppl">Bataille (Summa Atheologica), Camus (The Myth of Sisyphus), Beckett (Endgame)
="trms">figuration of ="trms">finitude
critique of dreams of transparency
replace transcendence with ="trms">excess or escape (='lgc'><='lgc'>-- mystical background...)
='lgc'>=/= un-self-conscious humanist mysticism

secular ="trms">interwar Europe's raising the human subject to all-powerful status ='lgc'>==> ="trms">techno-="trms">scientific apocalypse ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> waste of hope in the self and in the ="trms">rhetoric of equality and humanism


="large lg2" stl="font-size:112%"> (2)
philosophical antihumanism
human in suspension and deny that it owns or controls his own ="trms">specificity and particularity

='lgc'>='lgc'>--> negative theology
denial to man of ="trms">positive knowl="trms"nttrm="knowledge,Knowledge">edge of divine ="trms">nature
withdrawal from the possibility of first defining what is ="trms">specifically human
='lgc'>=/= ="trms">world deemed ="trms">anthropocentric and subjectivist
="lsts lst1">•='strcls'>*re="trms">formulates the ="trms">question of man, locating him in conceptual ="trms">systems led by notions, such as Being, reality, ="trms">society, or ="trms">language='strcls'>* (='lgc'>='lgc'>--> to define him “negatively”)
="lsts lst1">•problematization of human subjectivity

='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">modern determinations of “the human”
(Did="trms">erot in Encyclopedie='lgc'>:) “man='lgc'>: a sensing, reflecting, thinking being, which freely ="trms">traverses the surface of the earth, which appears at the head of all other ="trms">animals over which it reigns, which lives in ="trms">society, which has invented the ="trms">sciences and the arts, which has its own notions of good and evil, which gives itself masters, which makes its own laws, etc.”
="lsts lst1">•="trms">anthropocentrism of ="trms">modern thought (Did="trms">erot ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> “why do we not introduce man into our work the way he is placed in the universe='qstn'>? why do we not make him a common center='qstn'>?”)
="lsts lst1">•(18th and 19th century) offering a hierarchy and linking the human to a privileged one among them='lgc'>--to reason, understanding, sensation, the passions, consciousness, the intellect

he can no longer claim to be capable of ="trms">scientifically understanding the entire ="trms">world

(="ppl">Kant in Logic, ='at'>@="nms">apass, three core ="trms">questions guiding his critical project='lgc'>:)
="lsts lst1">•what do i know='qstn'>?
="lsts lst1">•what may i hope for='qstn'>?
="lsts lst1">•what ought i do='qstn'>?
="lsts lst1">•what is man='qstn'>?

='lgc'>}='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='lgc'>[='strcls'>*='lgc'>]humanism='lgc'>: mobilization of a foundationa="trms"nttrm="listen,alist,ilist,llist,olist,ylist,ulist">list concept of man

='lgc'>=/= tradition of identifying man with a certain feature, aspect, or property that ="trms">embodies or expresses his ="trms">nature
='lgc'>=/= the ="ppl">Platonic-christian idea that man possesses an eternal soul
='lgc'>=/= ="ppl">Feuerbachian-="ppl">Marxist approach that sees Man as his own goal
='lgc'>=/= ='thdf'>the idea of a human ="trms">nature that is given, foundational, single, or ="trms"nttrm="already,spread">readily available

“death of man”
="ppl">Heidegger's Letter on Humanism
Kojeve's second note on “the end of ="trms">history”
="ppl">Althusser
="ppl">="ppl">Foucault's con="trms"nttrm="cluster,club">cluding chapter to The Order of Things
="ppl">Derrida's The Ends of Man

(existentia="trms"nttrm="listen,alist,ilist,llist,olist,ylist,ulist">list en="trms">trapment of man in his ="trms">world, ='at'>#alienation)

(in Being and Time) ="ppl">Heidegger's Dasein ='lgc'>==>
="lsts lst1">•stripping man's shared element down to its being-there
="lsts lst1">•subsumes and displaces the humanity of man
="lsts lst1">•rejection of the I as an absolute, independent subject that approaches a ="trms">world largely separate from it
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> from ontic determination ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ontico-="trms">ontological determination ='lgc'>[of human='lgc'>]
='strcls'>*the humanity of Dasein remains and must be understood as derivative of both its ontic and ="trms">ontological status

="trms">="trms"nttrm="metaph,metamorph,metabol,metal">metaphysical pre="trms">supposition (that he cannot claim to be capable of fully describing or understanding ="trms">natur) ='lgc'>='lgc'>-->
(human approached and understood only in terms of) ='strcls'>*results='strcls'>* or ='strcls'>*side-effects='strcls'>* (of ="trms">language, existence, ="trms">history, ="trms">phenomena)='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•in ="trms">phenomena='lgc'>: man finds himself thrown in the ="trms">world of ="trms">phenomena and life; he is not grounded in some transcendental ="trms">fashion (="ppl">Heidegger, Kojeve, Malraux, ="ppl">Sartre, Beaufret)
="lsts lst1">•in ="trms">language='lgc'>: he is an ="trms">interpreter of signs and ="trms">symbols that form part of greater ="trms">systems independent of his individual will
="lsts lst1">•in ="trms">history='lgc'>: he is constructed and operates within cultural, ="trms">religious, and philosophical limits imposed on him
="lsts lst1">•
='lgc'>[and='lgc'>] these ="trms">systems are not consequences of man's creative activity, desire, or will
they are domains in which he finds himself
='lgc'>}='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='strcls'>*the human in man comes to mean less and less='strcls'>* ='lgc'>==> ='strcls'>*we can only know what his approach to others (and other things) can reveal='strcls'>*



emergence of the new nonhumanist atheism ='lgc'>+ the negative philosophical ="trms">anthropology ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> French antihumanism's assault on='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•contemporary humanisms
="lsts lst1">•the legacies and utopian hopes of the Enlightenment
="lsts lst1">•liberal-bourgeois thinking grounded in human ="trms"nttrm="righ,rigo,riga,rigi,trig,rign">rights and individual autonomy
="lsts lst1">•="ppl">Marxist humanism with its critique of liberalism and its expectations of a superior
humanity
="lsts lst1">•(human perfection ='and'>& ="trms">social harmony)


(="ppl">Geroulanos's account of primary constellations of) humanism='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•christian humanism
="lsts lst1">•Renaissance educational humanism (founded on a return to ancient ="trms">Greek models)
="lsts lst1">•="ppl">Humboldt's reconceptualization of Renaissance humanism (in 19th century Germany)
="lsts lst1">•Enlightenment humanism (from Montesquieu through ="ppl">Rousseau and Condorcet)
="lsts lst1">•19th century liberal humanism (frequently based on ="trms">natural law, autonomy over one's own body and mind, and human ="trms"nttrm="righ,rigo,riga,rigi,trig,rign">rights)
="lsts lst1">•="trms">socia="trms"nttrm="listen,alist,ilist,llist,olist,ylist,ulist">list humanisms (with its commitment to contractarian ="trms">social theory)

Encyclopedie's attack on theological knowl="trms"nttrm="knowledge,Knowledge">edge

="large lg1" stl="font-size:129%"> 19th century construction of ="trms">modern humanism (="trms">sociopolitical goals of a “human ="trms">nature”) ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> left-leaning, often democratic, (but certainly) utopian ="trms">sociopolitical mentality

='lgc'>[='strcls'>*='lgc'>]ideology='lgc'>: a thinking that does not critique, nor even think its provenance from and proper ="trms">relation to reality ='lgc'>--="ppl">Nancy='lgc'>='lgc'>--> humanism='lgc'> = the machine par excellence through which a ="trms">community produces meaning for itself, “the ="trms">system that produces meaning” ='lgc'>==> “we” (="trms">community's raison d'etre)
='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ='lgc'>[humanism is='lgc'>] arbitrary, auto-productive, and all but tautological


='lgc'>{every political/philosophical movement='lgc'>:
="lstsrd">1. rejected bourgeois humanism as insufficient, egotistical, and corrupt
="lstsrd">2. claimed for itself a privileged access to the dignity of man
='lgc'>}='lgc'>--="ppl">Geroulanos='lgc'>='lgc'>--> structure of a ='strcls'>*rejection of mainstream thought and policy='strcls'>* for not taking into account (and hence devaluing) the goals of one's ="trms">anthropo-theologico-political commitment

wreckage of WWII ='lgc'>==> man could not find meaning either in faith or in his own knowl="trms"nttrm="knowledge,Knowledge">edge and construction of the ="trms">world

_...dive into the depths of human solitude and suffering


="large lg3" stl="font-size:110%"> (like existentialism and the Western ="ppl">Marxist tradition,) human ="trms"nttrm="righ,rigo,riga,rigi,trig,rign">rights came to operate as a “humanism from below” ='lgc'>=/= generic and top-down humanisms (='lgc'>~ monopoly of violence that states held over their individual subjects)

(="ppl">Geroulanos not arguing that antihumanism was the driving force or the secret heart of intellectual movements and philosophies, nor claiming that it was a single movement, concept, idea, or trend; rather) antihumanism is what emerged from, shaped, and configured a major matrix of concerns


problem with secular humanist utopias ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> forging of a ‘new man’ through the mobilization of a ="trms">specific a ="trms">priori de="trms">finition of man required (both)='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•man's divinization خداسازى
="lsts lst1">•man's purge پاکسازى

="large lg4" stl="font-size:111%"> essentia="trms"nttrm="listen,alist,ilist,llist,olist,ylist,ulist">list de="trms">finitions of man ='lgc'>==> biologistic, ="trms">scientistic, political, ="trms">religious, mora="trms"nttrm="listen,alist,ilist,llist,olist,ylist,ulist">list projects ='lgc'>==>
="lsts lst1">•lay claim on universality
="lsts lst1">•="trms">prioritize themselves over any such universality

ideologies continue to disguise a ='strcls'>*politics of the will='strcls'>* as a universalism

antihumanism='lgc'> = antiredemptive, antimora="trms"nttrm="listen,alist,ilist,llist,olist,ylist,ulist">list, antimessianist ="trms">worldview

='lgc'>+ proliferation of ="trms">tropes ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> dooming contemporary man to an existence without meaning or future='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•last man (="ppl">Nietzsche, Camus, ="ppl">Blanchot)
="lsts lst1">•death of Man (Malraux, Kojeve, ="ppl">Blanchot, ="ppl">="ppl">Foucault)
="lsts lst1">•devirilization of man (Kojeve, ="ppl">Bataille, Queneau)
="lsts lst1">•terror (Marlaux, ="ppl">Bataille, Kojeve, ="ppl">Merleau-Ponty)
="lsts lst1">•

Kojeve and Jean Wahl ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> antifoundational realism ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> new ="trms">anthropology

="large lg5" stl="font-size:118%"> antihumanism
a precondition of thought
a fluid matrix of ideas
a philosophical attitude

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Malraux's (="trms">literary-="trms">="trms"nttrm="metaph,metamorph,metabol,metal">metaphysical pursuits ='lgc'>[echoes ="ppl">Nietzsche ='lgc'>+ intellectual Left='lgc'>]) ="trms">heritage to us (to artists)='lgc'>: the alternative to bourgeois individualism ='lgc'>[can be achieved='lgc'>] through commitment to a justic[...]