[...]t’ has no place in ="ppl">Cartesian physics)
='strcls'>*individuals occupying distinct points in space='strcls'>* ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> they cannot act without joing their action ='lgc'>[”='qstn'>?!” ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> i am very conscious (and suspicious) about that which i feel that i don't understand ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> what kind of nununderstander is at work here='qstn'>?='lgc'>]

="ppl">Newton imported “milieu” into biology

action of an environment

='lgc'>[="trms">material racism ='lgc'>='lgc'>-->='qstn'>?='lgc'>] (a fluid) strictly defined by its physical properties

="lsts lst1">•(Lamarck ='lgc'>[taking from ="ppl">Newton the ='strcls'>*physico-mathematical model of explanation='strcls'>*='lgc'>]='lgc'>:) environment/milieu='lgc'>: set of actions exerted on the living being from outside, “influencing circumstances”

="large lg2" stl="font-size:110%"> physico-mathematical model of explanation (of living/dead beings) ='lgc'>=/=='qstn'>? psycho-="trms">material model of explanation

(what would Machiavelli think of mileu='qstn'>?)

="trms">animal ethology, habits of ="trms">animals describable as distinctive and ="trms">specific characteristics

="trms">epistemology='lgc'>: ='strcls'>**="trms">historical psychology of knowl="trms"nttrm="knowledge,Knowledge">edge='strcls'>**

='lgc'>[='strcls'>*='lgc'>]="trms">historicity='lgc'>: should the fact that two or several leading ideas are combined at a given moment in a single theory be ="trms">interpreted as the sign that (although they may seem to be quite ="trms">different when subject of analysis) they ultimately have a common o="trms"nttrm="righ,rigo,riga,rigi,trig,rign">rigin whose meaning and often even existence are forgotten when they are considered separately='qstn'>?
(="ppl">Canguilhem beautifully brings the ="trms">question of ="trms">epistemology into his terms)

the ='strcls'>*o="trms"nttrm="righ,rigo,riga,rigi,trig,rign">rigin='strcls'>* ='lgc'>==commands='lgc'>='lgc'>==> the ='strcls'>*meaning='strcls'>* ='lgc'>==commands='lgc'>='lgc'>==> the ='strcls'>*use='strcls'>*

Comte's general biological theory of the environment
Comte employing a neologism ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> “the fluid in which a body is immersed” (='lgc'>--confirming='lgc'>='lgc'>--> the mechanical o="trms"nttrm="righ,rigo,riga,rigi,trig,rign">rigin of the notion,) “the total set of external circumstances necessary for the existence of every organism” ='lgc'>[='lgc'>=/= ="ppl">="ppl">Barad's ="trms">intra-active model of explanation='lgc'>]
='lgc'>='lgc'>==> (="trms">rhetoric of) ='strcls'>*dialectical conception of the ="trms">relations between the organism and the environment='strcls'>* ='lgc'>--instances such as “suited/adapted organism” and “favorable environment” ='lgc'>[='lgc'>=/=='qstn'>? affordance theory='lgc'>]
Comte seeking a guarantee of his dialectical connection in the ="ppl">Newtonian principal of action and reaction='lgc'>:
organism ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> variable
environment ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> function
theory of the environment in Comte='lgc'>: (strictly mechanistic meaning of the word...) ="trms">world ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> man

="large lg1" stl="font-size:133%"> Comte ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> Lamarck='lgc'>: “milieu='lgc'> = circumstances='lgc'> = surrounding environment” ='lgc'>==sug="trms">gest='lgc'>='lgc'>==> intuition of a ='strcls'>*centered or focused formation='strcls'>* ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> circle, sphere
='strcls'>***circumstances and surroundings still preserve a ="trms">symbolic value, but milieu forgoes reference to any other ="trms">relation other than that of a ="trms">position forever denied by exteriority ='lgc'>--='qstn'>?='lgc'>='lgc'>-->
چو پرگار می‌شدم...
چو نقطه...
گرد...
now refers to befor, here to its beyond, and so on without cease='strcls'>***
(in ="nms">iranian ="trms">poetry) environment='lgc'>: a pure ="trms">system of ="trms">relations without supports

='strcls'>*='lgc'>}='lgc'>='lgc'>==> environment='lgc'>: a universal ="trms">instrument for dissolving ='strcls'>*individualized organic synthesis='strcls'>* in the anonymity of universal elements and movements
(='thdf'>for example) ="trms"nttrm="metaph,metamorph,metabol,metal">metamerism of fish='lgc'>: “fish do not lead their lives themselves, the river has made them lead it, they are ='strcls'>*persons without personality='strcls'>* (='lgc'><='lgc'>== strictly mechanistic use of ='thdf'>the notion of environment ='lgc'>[='lgc'><='lgc'>-- ="ppl">Descartes ="trms">beast machine='lgc'>])
Lamarck='lgc'>: the environment dominates and control the evolution of living beings through the ="trms">intermediary of ='strcls'>*need='strcls'>*(= a subjective notion entailing reference to a ="trms">positive pole of vital values)
(for Lamarck='lgc'>:) life and environment (which is unaware of it ='lgc'>~(Lamarckian ='strcls'>*vitalism='strcls'>*='lgc'>:) ‘there is an o="trms"nttrm="righ,rigo,riga,rigi,trig,rign">riginality of life of which the environment takes no account’) are two series of a="trms">synchronous events ='lgc'>='lgc'>==>
='lgc'>[='strcls'>*='lgc'>]adaptation='lgc'>: life's renewed effort to “stick” to an in="trms">different environment
='lgc'>[='strcls'>*='lgc'>]being='lgc'>: the effect of an effort ='lgc'>[='lgc'>--='qstn'>?='lgc'>='lgc'>--> striving='lgc'>]
(='lgc'>='lgc'>--> this a="trms">synchronicity ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> “us” and “place”)
='lgc'>='lgc'>==> environment does nothing for life ='lgc'>--Bichat='lgc'>='lgc'>--> “life='lgc'>: set of functions that resist death” (='lgc'>='lgc'>~-> tales of survival in America sci-fi TV series)
life resists solely by changing its shape in order to survive


="ppl">Darwin explaining the ‘appearance of new forms’ conjunction of two mechanisms='lgc'>:
="lstsrd">1- mechanism of the production of ="trms">differences ='lgc'>~ variation
="lstsrd">2- mechanism of the reduction and criticism of these produced ="trms">differences ='lgc'>~ vital competition and ="trms">natural selection
(for ="ppl">Darwin the fundamental biological ="trms">relationship='lgc'>:) the ="trms">relationship of the living being to other living beings ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> precedence over environment conceived as a set of physical forces
="prgrph">-competition of forces
="prgrph">-accidental ="trms">morphological variation
(for ="ppl">Darwin='lgc'>:) ‘to live'='lgc'> = to submit an individual ="trms">difference to the judgment of the set of living beings ='lgc'>='lgc'>~= ='strcls'>*die or be part of the jury='strcls'>*
="trms">monstrosity='lgc'>: the rule
o="trms"nttrm="righ,rigo,riga,rigi,trig,rign">riginality='lgc'>: provisional ordinariness


finalism ='lgc'>--="ppl">Darwin='lgc'>='lgc'>--> selection
='strcls'>***both Lamarck and ="ppl">Darwin denounce finalism and celebrate mechanism
(both, ='lgc'>[complementary='lgc'>] biologists to whom) life appears as a datum which they seek to describe without being too concerned about accounting for it analytically ='lgc'>[='lgc'>='lgc'>--> not accouting for the analyticallity of their objects='qstn'>?='lgc'>]
Lamarck ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> (thinks of life in terms of) ='strcls'>*duration='strcls'>*
="ppl">Darwin ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> (thinks of life in terms of) ='strcls'>*="trms">interdependence='strcls'>*

="ppl">Darwin's biogeographical environment ='lgc'>=/=='qstn'>? Lamarck's environment


="ppl">Humboldt (and Ritter) ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> (19th century) geography='lgc'>: a ="trms">science conscious of its ="trms">method and its dignity
(="trms">natura="trms"nttrm="listen,alist,ilist,llist,olist,ylist,ulist">list ="trms">traveler ='lgc'>='lgc'>-->) ='strcls'>*="ppl">Humboldt's “Kosmos” ='lgc'>[='lgc'>~ synthesis of knowl="trms"nttrm="knowledge,Knowledge">edge, not aiming to be encyclopedic, but strives ='strcls'>***to arrive at an intuition of the universe='strcls'>***='lgc'>] combining='lgc'>:
="lsts lst1">•(“oikoumene” tradition of ="trms">Greek geography='lgc'>:) ='strcls'>*the ="trms">science of the entire human ="trms">world='strcls'>* ='lgc'>[='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="nms">ajayeb='lgc'>]
="lsts lst1">•(“mathematical geography” founded by Eratosthenes, Hipparchus, Ptolemy='lgc'>:) ='strcls'>*the ="trms">science of coordination of human space in ="trms">relation with the celectial con="trms">figuration and movements='strcls'>* ='lgc'>[='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="ppl">Olearius='lgc'>]
='lgc'>}='lgc'>='lgc'>==> Earth ='lgc'>[considered as a whole='lgc'>]='lgc'>: (stable support for the) ='strcls'>*فراز و نشيب vicis="trms">situde of ="trms">history='strcls'>* ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ‘terrestrial space ='lgc'>+ its con="trms">figurations’ ='lgc'>: object of geographical, geological, ="trms">sociological, biological knowl="trms"nttrm="knowledge,Knowledge">edge
(="ppl">Humboldt) applied a whole ="trms">system of barometric, thermometric in his investigation. ='strcls'>*division of plants='strcls'>* ="trms">according to ="trms">different climates ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> “botanical geography” ='and'>& “="trms">zoological geography”

="trms">history of the Weltanschauung

='strcls'>*****how ="ppl">Humboldt (and Ritter, ='lgc'>[even ="ppl">Simondon does that too='lgc'>]) apply the ='strcls'>*="trms">category of totality='strcls'>* to their object ='lgc'>='lgc'>--> the ="trms">relations between ="trms">historical man and the environment ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> ='strcls'>*determination of ="trms">historical ="trms">relationships='strcls'>*

the ="trms">relations between the geographical environment and man ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> a spirit
(='lgc'>='lgc'>-->) ='strcls'>*doing ="trms">history='strcls'>*='lgc'>: ="trms"nttrm="already,spread">reading a map, understanding by map the re="trms">presentation of a set of metrical, geodesic, geological, climatological, and descriptive biogeographical ="trms">data

="large lg3" stl="font-size:111%">
Loeb ='lgc'>+ Watson (phototropism in ="trms">animals)='lgc'>:
every movement of the organism in the environment='lgc'> = a movement into which the environment forces the organism ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> ='strcls'>**="trms">animal='lgc'> = reflex='strcls'>** ='lgc'><='lgc'>='lgc'>-->='lgc'>{="ppl">Darwinism ='lgc'>+ ="ppl">Cartesianism ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> behaviorist psychology='strcls'>*='lgc'>}
(Watson='lgc'>:) ='lgc'>[='strcls'>*='lgc'>]psychology='lgc'>: program of the analytical investigation of the ‘stimulus-="trms">response couple'='lgc'>[= conditions of the living being's adaptation to the environment through the experimental production of ="trms">relations between stimulation and ="trms">response='lgc'>] (='lgc'><='lgc'>-- one of physical determinism) ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> consciousness nullified as illusory
(the living being's ="trms">situation='lgc'>:) “its being='lgc'> = a conditioning” (='lgc'>='lgc'>--> as artists we still have to deal with this idea or image, it is about the reality the artist receives and what they make of it)


process of reduction='lgc'>:
(="nms">ajayeb ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>-->) biology ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> behavior ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> ="trms">neurology ='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> energetics (='lgc'>--to='lgc'>='lgc'>--> electronics)

="large lg4" stl="font-size:111%"> the perfect work of behaviorist psychology='lgc'>: construct man as a machine reacting to machines

Condillac's ="trms">fable of the statue='lgc'>: in the rose's perfume, the statue is the rose's perfume ='lgc'>='lgc'>==> living organism='lgc'> = ="trms">respond to sensory stimulation (the physical mileu, light and heat, carbon and oxygen, calcium and gravity)

(="ppl">Canguilhem asking) where is the living being='qstn'>? ='lgc'><='lgc'>-- ="ppl">Kohn

='lgc'>='lgc'>==> subjects “taking action” ='lgc'>=/= objects “in movement”

we see individuals ='lgc'>--but='lgc'>='lgc'>--> these are objects
we see centers ='lgc'>--but='lgc'>='lgc'>--> these are environments
we see machinists ='lgc'>--but='lgc'>='lgc'>--> these are machines

="large lg5" stl="font-size:165%"> environment of behavior ='lgc'>--coincides-with='lgc'>='lgc'>--> geographical environment ='lgc'>--coincides-with='lgc'>='lgc'>--> physical environment


“in a human environment, man is obviously subject to a form of determinism, but it is the determinism of artificial creat[...]